AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024, 450-459
Website: http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah
P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
© 2024 The Author(s). This is an open article under CC-BY-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KECOMBRANG
(Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith) IN SEVERAL REGIONS
IN ACEH PROVINCE, SUMATRA
KARAKTER MORFOLOGI KECOMBRANG ( Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith) DI
BEBERAPA DAERAH DI PROVINSI ACEH, SUMATRA
Rayhannisa
1
, Zumaidar
2,3*
, Amalia
2
, Widya Sari
2
, Saudah
4
1
Postgraduate student of Biology Dept. Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda
Aceh, Indonesia
2
Biology Dept. Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
3
Ethnoscience Research Center, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
4
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Submitted: 20 September 2023; Revised: 7 November 2023; Accepted: 19 February 2024
Abstract
Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is one of the plant species of the Zingiberaceae family is widely used by the
community as food and medicine. Not much research has been done on the morphological diversity of
kecombrang plants in Aceh, so scientific information about these plants is still minimal. Therefore, this
research needs to be carried out to enrich knowledge about these plants in the Aceh region. Sampling was
conducted from January to April 2022 at three places in Central Aceh, Banda Aceh, Weh Island, and
Simeulue Island. This research was carried out according to the survey method by roaming and direct
collection. A total of 12 groves were collected from wild and cultivated area and observed for 43 characters
consisting of quantitative and qualitative data. Based on these observations, two variations of the
kecombrang plant have been found based on the color of the bracts, namely the red and pink variants. Based
on morphological characters of vegetative organs, all samples of Etlingera elatior had a similarity distance
coefficient from 67 to 86%. In addition, the kecombrang plants found in the highlands of Central Aceh have
a larger size in leaf and inflorescent compared to samples from other locations.
Keywords: Central Aceh; Simeulue Island; Weh Island; Zingiberaceae
Abstrak
Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) adalah salah satu jenis tumbuhan famili Zingiberaceae yang secara luas
penggunaanya dikenal oleh masyarakat sebagai makanan dan obat. Belum banyak penelitian terkait
keanekaragaman morfologi tumbuhan kecombrang di Aceh, sehingga informasi ilmiah tentang tumbuhan ini
masih sedikit. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini perlu dilakukan untuk memperkaya pengetahuan tentang
tumbuhan tersebut di daerah Aceh. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Januari hingga April 2022 di
tiga tempat yaitu di Aceh Tengah, Banda Aceh, Pulau Weh, dan Pulau Simeulue. Penelitian ini dilakukan
dengan metode survei dengan cara jelajah dan pengumpulan langsung. Sebanyak 12 rumpun dikumpulkan
dari kawasan liar dan budi daya dan diamati sebanyak 43 karakter yang terdiri dari data kuantitatif dan
kualitatif. Berdasarkan pengamatan tersebut, ditemukan dua variasi tanaman kecombrang berdasarkan
warna braktea, yaitu varian merah dan merah jambu. Berdasarkan karakter morfologi organ vegetatif,
seluruh sampel Etlingera elatior memiliki koefisien kemiripan dari 67 hingga 86%. Selain itu, kecombrang
yang ditemukan di dataran tinggi Aceh Tengah mempunyai ukuran daun dan perbungaan yang lebih besar
dibandingkan sampel dari lokasi lain.
Kata kunci: Aceh tengah; Pulau Simeulue; Pulau Weh; Zingiberaceae
Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
451 | 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
INTRODUCTION
Zingiberaceae is one of the Liliopsida plant groups which is widely cultivated by the public.
Zingiberaceae has about 53 genera and 1200 species of plants. Almost all of these plant species can
be found in the tropical forests of India to New Guinea (Kress et al., 2002). Plants of this group
have long been used by the community as food and medicine. Some plant organs are used as a
treatment for several types of diseases, including flu, fever, cough, diarrhea, earache, stomach ache,
and wound cleansing (Ernilasari et al., 2018; Saudah et al., 2021a). Another benefit of this plant
group is as a medicinal ingredient for postpartum care (Saudah et al., 2018).
The scientific use of Zingiberaceae plants is based on the content of chemical compounds
contained in their cells. Many studies have been carried out on chemical compounds in
Zingiberaceae plants, one of which is in the Etlingera genus. Plants in this genus have several
bioactive compounds found in all their organs (Ud-daula & Basher, 2019). One of plant from this
genus that is widely used is Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith.
Etlingera elatior or kecombrang is a perennial (annual) herbaceous plant that has a height of
3–4 m (Lim, 2014). Etlingera elatior grow close together to form a clump, having creeping
rhizomes (modified stems) more than one meter apart. Etlingera elatior has very sturdy shoot bases
that are almost woody. The inflorescence of this plant is unique and distinctive so it has high
aesthetic value. The inflorescences are red with pink and red inner segments with yellow or white
borders. The inflorescences grow directly from the rhizome to a height of one meter and are
reddish-conical in shape with small flowers appearing between the inflorescences (Rodrigues et al.,
2015). This plant has seeds, but generally reproduces asexually through rhizomes (Ismail et al.,
2020).
Etlingera elatior has local names kecombrang/honje (Indonesia), kantan flower (Malaysia),
kaa laa (Thailand), torch ginger (English), and Malayischer fackelingwer (German) (Lim, 2014).
Kecombrang in Aceh is known as bak kala which has a strong aroma to add to the taste of dishes,
such as “gulee pliek u, gulee eungkot, gulee sie itek, sambai bungoeng kala”, and so on (Saudah et
al., 2021a).
This plant also has several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant,
antihyperglycemic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihyperuricemic, anti-larvae and anti-aging
(Ernilasari et al., 2021; Syahrani et al., 2021; Juwita et al., 2018). The kecombrang flower extract
studied can also be antimicrobial with the activity of degrading peptidoglycan compounds in the
bacterial cell wall (Sahalan & Lian, 2021). The pharmacological activity is because E. elatior
contains several phytochemical compounds, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolics,
flavonoids, fatty acids, and steroids (Maulidna et al., 2019; Resna et al., 2021; Syarif et al., 2010).
Kecombrang is a plant that is widely found in Indonesia, including in all districts of the Aceh
region. Based on previous research in West Sumatra, color variations were obtained from flowers in
several samples (Putri et al., 2017). Although this plant is commonly found in several locations, the
morphologically observed variant is unknown based on differences in geographical location in
Aceh. Geographical information is not yet available regarding differences in plants that grow in the
highlands, lowlands, and differences in latitude in the form of different islands. Information on the
morphology of E. elatior in several areas in Aceh has not been widely carried out. Therefore this
research needs to be done to enrich knowledge about these plants. This research is also expected to
contribute to the development of modern medicinal materials.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research sample was taken in Banda Aceh, Simeulue Island, Weh Island, and Central
Aceh (Figure 1). Furthermore, further examination of morphological characters was carried out at
the Laboratory of Plant Structure and Development, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
University of Syiah Kuala.
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 | 452
Figure 1. Research map
The materials used are the kecombrang plant (Etlingera elatior), old newspaper, masking tape,
and 70% ethanol. The tools used are pH meter, thermometer, stationery, tape measure, and
herbarium equipment. This research was carried out according to the survey method by roaming
and direct collection. The plants used as samples are flowering plants. The number of plants
observed in each determined area is three groves. Identification of plant characters includes stature,
leaves, and inflorescences (Putri et al., 2017; Windarsih et al., 2021). Data analysis was carried out
descriptively. The morphological characters of vegetative and generative organs converted to binary
data, and analyzed Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arihmatic Mean (UPGMA) used NTSys
version 2.02 software application, to determined the similarity among samples.
RESULTS
Based on the research that has been done, 12 groves of kecombrang have been collected from
several locations in Aceh, namely Banda Aceh City (BNA), Simeulue Island (SML), Weh Island
(SBG), and Central Aceh District (ATG) (Figure 1). The environtment factors measured and
showed in Table 1. The total morphological characters observed were 43 characters consisting of 19
quantitative characters and 24 qualitative characters (Table 2).
Table 1. The environtment factors collected from several Etlingera elatior sample location
Sample code Soil pH Temperature (C) Humidity (%)
BNA1 6.3 30 70
BNA2 5.6 31 70
BNA3 7.1 30 60
SML1 6.2 28 80
SML2 6.1 28 80
SML3 6.1 28 75
SBG1 6 26 70
SBG2 7 26 70
SBG3 7 27 65
ATG1 6.8 18 60
ATG2 6.2 20 70
ATG3 6 19 80
Note: BNA= Banda Aceh; SML= Simeulue Island; SBG= Weh Island; ATG= Central Ac
BANDA ACEH
PULAU W EH
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
453 | 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
Table 2. Comparison of several plant morphological characters of Etlingera elatior
The data (Table 1) showed that Etlingera elatior can live with any environmental conditions.
It can live with the soil pH between 5.6–7.1, the temperature between 18–31 C, and the humidity
between 60–80%. The results showed that at the four observation sites, the morphological
characters of E. elatior generally had similarities (Table 2). The difference appears in the color of
the inflorescence and the size of the plant. The inflorescences on the Banda Aceh, Simeulue Island,
and Central Aceh torch ginger plants have red and pink bract color variations. Whereas E. elatior
from Weh Island only found red bracts.
The differences in plant variants of E. elatior are based on the color of the inflorescences. The
inflorescence color of E. elatior found in the field is red and pink (Figure 2). Fruit characters were
also not included in the data from this study because fruit is rarely found in the field. Color
No
Morphological
characters
Accession of Etlingera elatior
Banda Aceh Simeulue Weh Island Central Aceh
1. Pseudostem color Green Green Green Green
2. Plant height 3 m 4 m 3.5 m 5 m
3. Leaf position Opposite Opposite Opposite Opposite
4. Petiole length 2.7 cm 2.1 cm 2.5 cm 3.3 cm
5. Margin leaf color Green Green Green Green
6. Margin leaf shape Entire and undulate Entire and undulate Entire and undulate Entire and undulate
7. Leaf venation Parallel to the
medio-lateral axis
Parallel to the
medio-lateral axis
Parallel to the
medio-lateral axis
Parallel to the
medio-lateral axis
8. Leaf shape Lanceolate Lanceolate Lanceolate Lanceolate
9. Leaf tip Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate
10. Leaf base Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate
11. Leaf color Green Green Green Green
12. Number of leaf 20 25 27 25
13. Lamina length 33.6–43.6 cm 48.7–58.7 cm 42–52 cm 53.7–64.5 cm
14. Lamina width 9–16 cm 10–17 cm 13.4–15 cm 12–19.7cm
15. Inflorescent color Red, pink Red, pink Red Red, pink
16. Direction of inflorescent Erect Erect Erect Erect
17. Inflorescent length 7–8 cm 10–11.5 cm 7.1–8.5 cm 14–15.3 cm
18. Inflorescent stem length 33–34.1 cm 44–45.9 cm 40–41 cm 65–67.1 cm
19. Sterile bract shape Oblongus Oblongus Oblongus Oblongus
20. Sterile bract color Red/pink, white
margin
Red/pink, white
margin
Red, white margin Red/pink, white
margin
21. Sterile bract length 8–9 cm 7.7–7.9 cm 7.5–8.1 cm 16–18.3 cm
22. Sterile bract width 1.2–1.9 cm 3.2–3.9 cm 5.5–6.7 cm 6–8 cm
23. Sterile bract horn length 0.1–0.2 cm 0.2 cm 0.2–0.3 cm 0.4–0.6 cm
24. Fertile bract shape Spatulated Spatulated Spatulated Spatulated
25. Fertile bract color Red/pink, white
margin
Red/pink, white
margin
Red, white margin Red/pink, white
margin
26. Fertile bract length 5.2–5.9 cm 4.5–5.5 cm 6.1–7.8 cm 8.5–9 cm
27. Fertile bract width 0.6–0.9 cm 2.3–2.9 cm 1.5–2.6 cm 1.8–2.5 cm
28. Bracteole shape Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate
29. Bracteole color White, pink tip White, pink tip White, pink tip White, pink tip
30. Bracteole length 1.8–2 cm 2–2.6 cm 1.3–1.8 cm 2–2.5 cm
31. Calyx shape Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate Emarginate
32. Warna calyx Pink Pink Pink Pink
33. Calyx length 2.1–2.5 cm 2–2.5 cm 2–2.8 cm 1.9–2.1 cm
34. Corolla lobe shape Spatulated Spatulated Spatulated Spatulated
35. Corolla lobe color White, pink tip White, pink tip White, pink tip White, pink tip
36. Corolla number 3 3 3 3
37. Stigma shape and color Club, red Club, red Club, red Club, red
38. Pistil length 2.3–2.5 cm 1.7–2 cm 1.7–2.3 cm 1.8–2.6 cm
39. Labellum color Red, yellow margin Red, yellow margin Red, yellow margin Red, yellow margin
40. Labellum length 3.6–3.9 cm 2.7–3 cm 4.8–5.6 cm 4.8–6 cm
41. Labellum width 1.3–1.5 cm 1.3–1.8 cm 3.2–3.5 cm 3.5–4 cm
42. Filament color White White White White
43. Stamen length 1.7–2 cm 1.8–2.3 cm 1–2.6 cm 1.5–2.8 cm
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 | 454
differences are located in the color characters of the sterile bracts, fertile bracts, bracteole, calyx,
and corolla lobe while the color of the pseudostem, lamina, stigma, labellum, and filaments is the
same for the two variants of E. elatior.
Figure 2. Flower characteristics. 1. Banda Aceh. 2. Simeulue Island. 3. Weh Island. 4. Central
Aceh. Flower (a); bracts (b) (left= sterile right= fertile); bracteole (c); calyx (d); corolla
(e); labellum (f); generative parts (g) (left= pistil, right= stamen)
A1 A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
C1 C2 C3 C4
D1 D4 D3 D2
E1 E4 E3 E2
F1 F4 F3 F2
G1 G2 G3 G4
A1
G4
A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
C1 C2 C3 C4
D1 D2 D3 D4
E1 E2 E3 E4
F1 F2 F3 F4
G1 G2 G3
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
455 | 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
The vegetative and generative parts of the plant was observed in this research. The size of the
plants in the Central Aceh research location is generally larger than Banda Aceh, Weh Island, and
Simeulue Island. Morphological characters such as plant height, leaf length and width, as well as
the size of the inflorescence component at this location were larger than the other samples.
Etlingera elatior has compound flowers that grow from its rhizomes. The inflorescent have
grow on erect direction from the ground. E. elatior has two types of bracts, namely fertile and
sterile bracts (Figure 2). There are two variants found at the study site, there are red and pink. The
color variants of the E. elatior bracts in several regions varied in number. In the Simeulue Island
accession plant, flowers have leaves that grow from the bracts, specifically at the horn tip (Figure 3
& 4). This organ is not found in all plants and other accession plants.
Figure 3. Leaves appearing on the horn tip bracts are sterile (red arrow). Line scale= 5 cm
Figure 4. Dendogram of Etlingera elatior collected from Banda Aceh (BNA), Simeulue Island
(SML), Weh Island (SBG), and Central Aceh (ATG), based on morphological
characteristics of vegetative and generative organs
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 | 456
Fertile bracts are named for those that have a generative component of the flower (stamens
and pistils), while sterile bracts do not. Oblongus sterile bracts form and spatulated fertile bracts
form. Fertile bracts of the red variant are 5.2–8.6 cm long, and 0.6–2.9 cm wide. The pink variant is
5.4–6.5 cm long, 1.6–2 cm wide. Fertile bracts of E. elatior pink and soft pink. Red variant
bracteole common form is retusus, tip emarginatus. The red variant is 1.4–3.6 cm long and 0.3–0.8
cm wide. The 'pink' variant is 1.8–3.3 cm long and 0.3–1.8 cm wide.
Calyx is red for red variant, smooth surface, emarginatus tip, and length 1.2–4 cm. Retusus
'pink' variant, smooth surface, emarginatus tip, calyx have 2.8 cm long. The shape of the corolla
lobe of E. elatior red variant is sphatulated, white and red at the tip. The pink variant is sphatulated,
white in color and has a pink tip. The labellum of the 'red' variant is ovate in shape, brownish red in
color, yellow edges.
DISCUSSION
Based on the research results, environmental factors appear to be different at all sampling
locations. The soil where the Etlingera elatior samples were taken had a pH between 5.6 and 7.1.
Soil pH conditions tend to be good because, at a pH between 6–7, some nutrients will easily
dissolve in water and can be absorbed by plants. Apart from that, fungi and bacteria that decompose
organic matter will grow well (Basuki & Winarso, 2021; Rukmana et al., 2019). Soil hydrogen
potential (pH) will be influenced by the presence of organic material in the soil. If the soil contains
urea, the acidity level of the soil will increase (Mautuka et al., 2022). Other research, even shows
that the thickness of the epidermis and palisade as well as oxalic acid levels are positively correlated
with soil pH (Apriliani & Yuliani, 2020).
The research showed several differences from the plant of many location. One of the different
is bract color. The bract is the most outer part of the flower which is often called the protective leaf
of the flower (Lestari et al., 2015). The color of the inflorescences varies between red and pink,
except for the Etlingera elatior Weh Island inflorescences which are only found in red. The degree
of reddish color in a plant is directly correlated with the anthocyanin content. The fainter the red
color, the lower the anthocyanin content in the plant. (Huang et al., 2020). Flower color is a display
of the presence of pigments in these organs. Pigments (dyes) can generally be grouped into
carotenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids (Pina, 2014). The pigment content in plants can be influenced
by several factors such as light, water content, soil pH, nutrients, and hormones in plants (Zhao &
Tao, 2015).
Bract color as an ornament of the Etlingera elatior flower was the main character for
identification. While fruit color is not used as a character to distinguish E. elatior variants because
the characters do not have high variation when compared to bract color in compound flowers E.
elatior. There are four variants of kecombrang in West Sumatra, namely red, pink, pale pink, and
white (Putri et al., 2017). There are two color variants of the kecombrang bracts in Pancur Batu
District, North Sumatra, namely bright pink (punch) and pale pink (Fadhilah et al., 2018). Biotic
and abiotic factors can influence plant color variations on a wide scale. Lighter flower colors can
occur if pollinators are few, solar radiation is high, rainfall is low, and the growing season is short.
In other words, flower colors can be brighter if the plant is under environmental stress (Dalrymple
et al., 2020).
The bract in this plant divided into two parts, there are sterile and fertile bracts. Fertile bracts
are lighter in color than sterile bracts and are smaller in size (Lim, 2014). The flower character of all
location have the same labellum. Labellum is the part of flower and the position is next to calyx.
Labellum of the E. elatior is usually dark red with a yellow margin (Windarsih et al., 2021).
The plant also varies in size, for example, plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. The
torch ginger in Central Aceh is the highest than others. The number of leaves for accession
Simeulue and Central Aceh is the same for accession Banda Aceh is less than others. Banda Aceh
has a higher temperature than other places but has humidity on average. This condition assumes that
Etlingera elatior from the lowland area may be smaller than the highland area. Previous research
explained a correlation between the increase in leaf area and the increase in land altitude (Guo et al.,
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
457 | 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
2018). At high altitudes, plants can absorb more water from the environment so that each cell can
be in a turgor state. The highlands have a different microclimate from the lowlands. This
microclimate is influenced by low temperatures and high humidity (Azkiyah & Tohari, 2019).
The pseudostem color is the same all accessories were green. This is following previous
research which stated that Etlingera elatior has green pseudostems. The closest species, Etlingera
haemispherica, has a greenish-red pseudostem. Pharmacologically, the pseudostem of this plant can
be used as a cough medicine (Saudah et al., 2021b).
In one of the sample plants on Simeulue Island, there are parts of the leaves that appear on the
inflorescence. This is not often found in plants in other areas. This form assumes that the bracts are
also part of the leaf and can appear if there is expression of certain genes, such as the FLO/LFY
gene (Hofer et al., 1997). Leaf organs have the same regulations as flowers in their morphogenesis.
This similarity can also sometimes be observed in the structure of leaves and flowers (Satina &
Blakeslee, 1941).
Based on the dendogram, it can be seen that the Etlingera elatior from Simeulue Island is
separate from the Banda Aceh and Pulau Weh. Meanwhile, Aceh Tengah's Etlingera elatior is at
the farthest point of similarity with other region. The kinship relationship between the Banda Aceh
and Pulau Weh kecombrang based on morphological characters has a similarity coefficient of 86%,
while for Simeulue it is 72% and for Central Aceh it is 67%. This could be because Banda Aceh and
Pulau Weh are geographically close, so the morphological conditions of the plants are not much
different. Meanwhile, Central Aceh has a lower environmental temperature than other areas, so it
can influence plant morphology in the form of the size of plant leaves and inflorescences. In
previous research, it was explained that leaf thickness increases with increasing height. The
thickness of the upper leaf epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade and mesophyll of sponges, and
main veins increases with increasing height. Stomata density in each sample increases
simultaneously with increasing height. These results explain that plants can adapt to environmental
changes in the form of highlands by increasing leaf thickness, mesophyll tissue thickness and
stomata density (Zhang et al., 2020).
CONCLUSION
Based on observations made on E. elatior plants found in several locations in Aceh, two
different characters were found. The color of the inflorescences on the Weh Island kecombrang was
only found in red, while in three other locations, there were 2 color variants, namely red and pink.
In addition, the kecombrang plants found in the highlands of Central Aceh have a larger size
compared to samples from other locations. Based on morphological characters of vegetative organs,
all groves of Etlingera elatior had a similarity distance coefficient from 67% to 86%.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
The authors thank to Universitas Syiah Kuala through the Ministry of Research and
Technology, Republic of Indonesia has been financially supported by the Grant Tesis Magister
Number: 168/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2023 date: 20
th
June 2023.
REFERENCES
Apriliani, N. Z., & Yuliani. (2020). Anatomic Response and Oxalate Acid Level in
Amorphophallus muelleri Blume in Different Environments. Lenterabio, 9(2), 137–145.
Retrieved from https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/lenterabio/index.
Azkiyah, D. R., & Tohari. (2019). Pengaruh ketinggian tempat terhadap pertumbuhan, hasil dan
kandungan steviol glikosida pada tanaman stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). Vegetalika, 8(1), 1-12.
Basuki, & Winarso, S. (2021). Peta sebaran ph tanah, bahan organik tanah, dan kapasitas pertukaran
kation sebagai dasar rekomendasi aplikasi bahan organik dan dolomit pada lahan tebu. Buletin
Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak In dustri, 13(2), 78-93. doi:
10.21082/btsm.v13n2.2021.78-93.
Dalrymple, R. L., Kemp, D. J., Flores‐Moreno, H., Laffan, S. W., White, T. E., Hemmings, F. A., &
Moles, A. T. (2020). Macroecological patterns in flower colour are shaped by both biotic and
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 | 458
abiotic factors. New Phytologist, 228(6), 1972-1985. doi: 10.1111/nph.16737.
Ernilasari, E., Saudah, S., Suzanni, M. A., Diana, D., & Irhamni, I. (2018). Kajian etnobotani
tumbuhan obat pada masyarakat Blang Bungong Kecamatan Tangse Kabupaten Pidie-Aceh.
Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) , 1(3), 034-037. doi:
10.32734/tm.v1i3.258.
Ernilasari., Walil, K., Fitmawati., Roslim. D. I., Zumaidar., Saudah., & Rayhannisa. (2021).
Antibacterial activity of leaves, flowers, and fruits extract of etlingera elatior from nagan raya
district, indonesia against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. Biodiversitas, 22(10),
4457-4464. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d221039.
Fadhilah, A., Susanti, S., & Gultom, T. (2018). Karakterisasi tanaman jambu biji (Psidium Guajava
L) di Desa Namoriam Pancur Batu Kabupaten Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara.. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional dan Pembelajarannya, 12, 1-15.
Guo, Z., Lin, H., Chen, S., & Yang, Q. (2018). Altitudinal patterns of leaf traits and leaf allometry
in bamboo Pleioblastus amarus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01110.
Syahrani, H. D., Manalu, K., Pima, E., & Tambunan, S. (2021). Uji efektivitas antimikroba ekstrak
bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) terhadap pertumbuhan streptococcus mutans dan
Candida albicans, 4(2), 367-373.
Hofer, J., Turner, L., Hellens, R., Ambrose, M., Matthews, P., Michael, A., & Ellis, N. (1997).
Unifoliata regulates leaf and flower morphogenesis in pea. Current Biology, 7(8), 581-587.
doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00257-0.
Huang, B., Rong, H., Ye, Y., Ni, Z., Xu, M., Zhang, W., & Xu, L. (2020). Transcriptomic analysis
of flower color variation in the ornamental crabapple (Malus spp.) half-sib family through
Illumina and PacBio Sequel sequencing. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 149, 27-35. doi:
10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.033.
Ismail, N. A., Yusop, M. R., Mohamed, M. T. M., & Musa, M. H. (2020). Graphical assessment of
yield stability and adaptation of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) accessions in two locations.
Journal of Tropical Plant Physiology, 12(1), 1-12.
Juwita, T., Puspitasari, I. M., & Levita, J. (2018). Review article torch ginger (Etlingera elatior): A
review on its botanical aspects , phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities. Pakistan
Journal of Biological Sciences, 21(4), 151-165.
Kress, W. J., Prince, L. M., & William, K. J. (2002). The phylogeny and a new classification of the
gingers (Zingiberaceae): Evidence from molecular data. American Journal of Botany, 89(11),
1682-1696.
Lestari, T., Nurainas., & Syamsuardi. (2015). Studi morfometrik Hornstedtia leonurus (J.Koenig)
Retz. (Zingiberaceae) dan kerabat dekatnya dalam tribe Alpiniae di Sumatera Barat
morphometric study of Hornstedtia leonurus (J.Koenig) Retz. (Zingiberaceae) and close
sisters in the Alpiniae tribe in west. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas, 4(3), 200-207.
Lim, T. K. (2014). Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal
Plants, 8, 1010-1024.
Maulidna., Wirjosentono, B., Tamrin., & Marpaung, L. (2019). Antioxidants activity of the
kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior) extract by using 1 , 1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazyl (dpph)
method. International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation, (1), 197-
203.
Mautuka, Z. A., Astriana, M., & Martasiana, K. (2022). Pemanfaatan biochar tongkol jagung guna
perbaikan sifat kimia tanah lahan kering. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(1), 201-208.
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5827375.
Pina, F. (2014). Chemical applications of anthocyanins and related compounds. a source of
bioinspiration. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(29), 6885-6897. doi:
10.1021/jf404869m.
Putri, Z. A., Syamsuardi., Nurainas, N. (2017). Karakterisasi morfologi populasi Etlingera elatior (
Jack) R. M. Sm. (Zingiberaceae) di Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Biologi Unand, 5(1), 25-33.
Resna, M., Fauziah, F., & Ifora, I. (2021). Phytochemical and antiinflammatory properties of
AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 17(2), 2024
459 | 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.34900| P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720
Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm.: A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Medicine (IJPSM), 6(8), 152-160. doi: 10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i08.011.
Rodrigues, M., Paiva, P. D. de O., Freitas, R. T. de., Mansur, T. D. O. F., Paiva, R., & Barbosa, J. P.
R. A. D. (2015). Growth and photosynthetic responses during ex vitro acclimatization of
Etlingera elatior (Jack) rm smith (torch ginger). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy. doi:
10.4025/actasciagron.v37i4.19707.
Rukmana, A., Susilawati, H., & Galang. (2019). Pencatatan ph tanah otomatis. Jurnal Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Teknik Elektro Telekomunikasi Indonesia, 10(1), 25-32.
Sahalan, A. Z., & Lian, H. H. (2021). Pengimejan dari mikroskop imbasan ( sem ) terhadap kesan
antibakteria ekstrak Etilingera elatior (bunga kantan) sem imaging on the antibacterial effects
of etilingera elatior (bunga kantan) extract. Buletin SK, 5(1), 43-46.
Satina, S., & Blakeslee, A. F. (1941). Periclinal chimeras in Datura stramonium in relation to
development of leaf and flower. American Journal of Botany, 28(10), 862. doi:
10.2307/2436864.
Saudah., Ernilasari, E., Suzanni, M. A., Irhamni, I., & Diana, D. (2018). Inventarisasi tumbuhan
obat family Zingiberaceae di masyarakat Keumala Kabupaten Pidie. Talenta Conference
Series: Tropical Medicine (TM), 1(3), 074-077. doi: 10.32734/tm.v1i3.265.
Saudah., Ernilasari., Fitmawati., Roslim, D. I., Zumaidar, Darusman., … Umam, A. H. (2021a). A
phytochemical screening of bakkala (Etlingera elatior) originated from Suakbugis, Aceh,
Indonesia and its potential in ethnobotany a phytochemical screening of bakkala (Etlingera
elatior) originated from Suakbugis, Aceh, Indonesia and its potent. (June).
Saudah., Zumaidar., Darusman., Fitmawati., Roslim, D. I., & Ernilasari. (2021b). Ethnobotany
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R . M . Smith (Cikala) in Ethnic Gayo. 3
RD
Kobi Congress,
International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020), 14(Kobicinc 2020), 205-209.
Syarif, R. A., Sari, F., & Ahmad, A. R. (2010). Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) rhizomes as
phenolic sources. Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 2(2), 102-106.
Ud-daula, A. F. M. S., & Basher, M. A. (2019). Genus Etlingera - a review on chemical
composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,
13(7), 135-156.
Windarsih, G., Utami, D. W., & Yuriyah, S. (2021). Morphological characteristics of Zingiberaceae
in Serang District, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22(12), 5507-5529. doi:
10.13057/biodiv/d221235.
Zakiyah., Apriliani, N., & Yuliani. (2020). Respons anatomi dan kadar asam oksalat tumbuhan
Amorphophallus muelleri Blume pada lingkungan yang berbeda anatomic response and oxalate
acid level in Amorphophallus muelleri Blume in different environments. Lenterabio, 9(2),
137–145.
Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Shen, W. (2020). Dramatic altitudinal variations in leaf mass per area of two
plant growth forms at extreme heights. Ecological Indicators, 110(11), 1-10.
Zhao, D., & Tao, J. (2015). Recent advances on the development and regulation of flower color in
ornamental plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00261.