Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
DOI: https://doi.org/10.61455/sicopus.v2i02.134
https://journal.walideminstitute.com/index.php/sicopus/
copyright ⓒ 2024 authors
[email protected]
Fostering Community Awareness of the Importance of
Religiosity to Minimize Conflict and Violence
Waston
1
, Muthoifin
2
, Sekar Ayu Aryani
3
, Erham Budi wiranto
4
, Soleh Amini
5
,
Andri Nirwana
6
1,2,4,5,6
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia,
3,4
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1
[email protected],
2
[email protected],
3
[email protected],
4
erham.wiranto@uin-
suka.ac.id,
5
[email protected],
6
[email protected],
Received February 21, 2024; Revised April 20, 2024; Accepted May 01, 2024
Abstract: This community service aims to teach the people of Solo about the importance of
religiosity in minimising conflict and violence. In the context of Solo's multicultural and
multireligious society, conflict and violence often arise as a result of tensions between groups
or individuals of different faiths. Through strengthening religiosity, we hold a series of
activities such as seminars, workshops, and group discussions to increase understanding of
religious values that value peace and tolerance. The active participation of various community
groups, including religious leaders, community leaders, and youth, enables a rich exchange of
views and a deeper understanding of how religiosity can be the foundation for building a
peaceful and harmonious society. Evaluation of activities shows an increased understanding
of the importance of religiosity in dealing with conflict and violence. At the end of the project,
there was an increase in awareness of the importance of interfaith cooperation and rejection
of conflict and violence as a solution to differences of faith. Thus, this dedication is the first
step in efforts to build a more tolerant and peaceful society in Solo.
Keywords: community building, religiosity, minimizing, conflict, violence.
INTRODUCTION
The growth and development of a society are not only measured by material progress but
also by the spiritual and moral depths possessed by its citizens. In this context, we humbly
present our community service program which aims to foster and enhance religiosity among
the people of Solo [1]–[3].
Solo, as one of the centres of culture and tradition in Indonesia, has a very deep spiritual
wealth. However, in recent years, we have witnessed that violence—both physical and
verbal—has spread in different walks of life. This is a challenge that requires serious attention
from all of us [1]–[3].
Through this community service, we want to invite all components of Solo society to return
to religious values and spirituality that teach peace, tolerance, and respect for others. We
believe that by strengthening our attitude of religiosity, we can create a safer, more
harmonious, and more prosperous environment for all Solo citizens [4].
In this program, we will organize various activities such as seminars, workshops, and group
discussions aimed at Educating people about religious values that teach compassion, peace,
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
and justice. Encourage interreligious dialogue to strengthen interreligious tolerance and
cooperation. Providing spiritual guidance for the younger generation to form a strong
character and integrity. Gather support from various parties, including religious institutions,
local governments, and civil communities, to minimize violence in the community. In its
implementation, the service team invites all levels of Solo society to join and contribute to this
effort. Together, let us build a society based on the values of religiosity, where every
individual is respected and treated with compassion [5].
The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) coordinated with the youth office of
Gatot Bambang Hastowo in Central Java over a viral video in 2020 showing a teacher in Solo
being bullied by someone. The meeting resulted in students being asked not to repeat their
actions. Based on information received by the Indonesian Child Protection Commission
(KPAI), the school has summoned and nurtured students involved in viral videos in 2020. The
students were also asked to write a statement stating that they would not repeat similar jokes,
such as in the viral video [6]–[8].
In addition, in the following 2021, it was the turn of the student's parents to be called by the
school and make a joint commitment to advise or reprimand their children not to repeat the
same mistakes and to respect the teacher more [1]–[3]. The Indonesian Child Protection
Commission (KPAI) said Commissioner Retno Listyarti in a written statement [4]. The
meeting was attended by teachers, school supervisors, students, and community and city heads
in Solo.
The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) appreciates the Solo Office for
quickly handling the viral video case and reporting the progress to the Governor of Central
Java and the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI). Officials said the school and
teachers admitted that the behaviour in the viral video was a joke and not violent [5].
However, the school considered the joke too exaggerated [6]–[8]. Both the school and the
teachers involved said the video was a farce and not an act of violence or mobbing [9], [10].
However, the school admits that it is unethical and disrespectful for some students to make
jokes or play tricks on teachers.
So the main problem of religiosity to reduce violence illustrates the complexity of the
relationship between religion and human behavior. Solo as a city rich in cultural and religious
backgrounds has become a stage for sharing incidents of violence related to differences in
religion and belief [12], [13]. Although religion is often seen as a source of peace and unity,
ironically it has also sometimes been a justification for acts of violence and intolerance [14],
[15]. Community service in Solo emphasizes the importance of exploring the role of
religiosity in reducing conflict and creating social harmony [16], [17].
Religiosity, which is one of the important aspects of solo people's lives, can play an
important role in reducing violence if utilized properly. However, challenges arise when
religion is used as a tool to justify acts of violence or reinforce intolerance [18], [19]. In
addition, Solo faces the problem of the emergence of radical groups that use religious
narratives to reinforce their violent agendas [20]–[23].
This devotion will explore how religiosity can be a key factor in fostering interfaith
dialogue, fostering a deeper understanding of pluralism, and building mutual respect between
communities. However, to achieve this goal, the people of Solo must identify and address the
factors that hinder interfaith understanding and tolerance [24]–[26]. Therefore, this devotion
will provide valuable insights on how to harness the potential of religiosity to create a more
peaceful and harmonious society in Solo, Indonesia.
In addition, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 1.3 million people die
from violence each year, making it the fourth leading cause of death among people aged 15 to
44 globally. A worldwide survey of 187 countries showed a 45% increase from 1990 to 2023,
and sharps use increased by 32.6% [27], [28]. In addition, violence has a long-term impact on
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
psychological and social impacts, with economic consequences, including high treatment
costs, increased use of mental health services, emergency care, and criminal justice.
Due to the high incidence of violence, more and more prevention initiatives are being
developed and implemented, supported by the latest version that recommends the use of
cultural perspectives in treating victims of violence [29], [30]. Among the proposed
complementary strategies for mental health recovery programs, there is evidence that
religiosity or spirituality (R/S)-based interventions can be beneficial [31], [32]. Similarly,
devotion shows the effectiveness of religiosity or spirituality (R/S) in reducing and preventing
violent behaviour [33], [34].
Other authors have developed the "expensive religious sign theory", which states that
"expensive rituals" may be "difficult to fake" movements, by incorporating the idea of
"cultural commitment" among a group of people. Since the level of commitment cannot be
measured, rituals that require a lot of time and extensive effort can show that only individuals
who honourably serve the community belong to that group (in this case, religion). Still
focusing on the idea of an evolutionary perspective, another related hypothesis is the "theory
of moral development", which is based on increasing awareness of moral and spiritual beliefs
as we age [37], [38]. According to this theory, as we age, a person goes through different
stages of moral development in life, including changes and reflections on moral and spiritual
issues, which can prevent violent behaviour.
Despite a growing body of evidence suggesting this relationship, previous authors have not
fully explored mediating factors. More recently, intermittent binge drinking has been
described as a partial mediator of church attendance against sexual drinking conducted on a
sample of adolescent boys [39], [40]. Other drugs and social support, however, were not
investigated as potential mediators of this relationship.
LITERATURE REVIEW DEVOTION
Devotion to the role of religiosity in reducing violence has become a major focus in various
communities, including Solo, Indonesia. Various Community Service highlights that
participation in religious activities is positively associated with reduced levels of violence. In
the context of Solo society with its rich cultural background and strong religious pluralism,
religiosity plays an important role in shaping moral values and social ethics [42], [43].
Empirical devotion suggests that religiously active individuals tend to have higher levels of
empathy and greater tolerance for differences, and are less likely to engage in aggressive or
violent behaviour [42], [43]. Moreover, in a broader context, religious institutions and spiritual
leaders are often important agents in mediating social conflicts and promoting peace [44],
[45]. However, it should be noted that the positive impact of religiosity in reducing violence is
not always consistent, and there are contextual factors that can influence this relationship, such
as extreme religious interpretations or politicization of religion.
Therefore, while religiosity has the potential to minimize violence, efforts to promote
tolerance, interfaith dialogue, and inclusive religious education are also important components
in creating peaceful and harmonious societies in Solo, Indonesia, and elsewhere [48], [49].
SITUATION ANALYSIS
Situation analysis for community service on Solo community development on the
importance of religiosity to minimize violence requires a deep understanding of the social,
cultural, and religious context in Solo. Solo, as a city with a rich and diverse cultural
background, has unique social dynamics, including challenges in terms of violence and
conflict between individuals or groups. Understanding that violence is often influenced by
factors such as incomprehension of religious values, conflicts of interest, and social tensions is
key in designing community development programs.
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
It is important to identify that Solo has significant religious diversity, and an understanding
of the religious values held by the community is a crucial element in efforts to minimize
violence. In analyzing the situation, it is also necessary to pay attention that violence can
appear in various forms, both physical and verbal, and can occur in various environments,
ranging from households to public spaces.
In addition, it should be recognized that the importance of religiosity in minimizing
violence can be a foundation for interfaith collaboration. Interfaith cooperation can strengthen
a common understanding of the principles of peace, tolerance, and respect for differences.
However, challenges also arise in the form of interfaith tensions, stereotypes, and intolerance
that can hinder collaborative efforts.
The situation analysis should also include an evaluation of pre-existing programs or
initiatives to promote religiosity as a means to reduce violence in Solo. This includes assessing
the successes, weaknesses, and constraints faced by such programs.
By understanding this context thoroughly, community service programs can design
appropriate and relevant strategies, such as religious counselling, conflict skills training, the
establishment of interfaith cooperation networks, and education campaigns on peace and
tolerance. With a holistic approach based on a deep understanding of the social and religious
realities of Solo, these efforts have the potential to create positive change in minimizing
violence and building a more peaceful and harmonious society.
PARTNER ISSUES
One of the issues that can be raised in community service about fostering the Solo
community regarding the importance of religiosity to minimize violence is the low
understanding of religious values and lack of application in daily life. Many individuals claim
to be religious but lack an understanding of the teachings that should guide their behaviour in
interacting with others. This can lead to the emergence of attitudes of intolerance, radicalism,
and violence that are contrary to religious teachings that teach peace and tolerance. In this
context, community development needs to be focused on increasing understanding of the true
values of religiosity and its application in daily life, so that people can better understand the
importance of religiosity as an effort to minimize violence and create harmony in diversity.
SOLUTIONS OFFERED
One solution that can be offered for community service in fostering the Solo community
about the importance of religiosity to minimize violence is to establish educational and
socialization programs that educate about peaceful and tolerant religious values. These
programs may include training, workshops, and seminars that provide an in-depth
understanding of religious teachings that promote peace, justice, and mutual respect among
religious communities.
In addition, collaboration between religious institutions, government, educational
institutions, and civil society organizations can also be utilized to spread messages of peace
and tolerance through various community activities, such as public discussions, social
campaigns, and humanitarian activities.
In addition to the educational approach, building interfaith cooperation networks and
rallying interfaith solidarity is also an important step. Through this collaboration, communities
can jointly overcome differences and conflicts by dialoguing, understanding, and respecting
each other, thus creating a harmonious atmosphere amid diversity.
The importance of women's empowerment should also not be forgotten to minimize
violence. Providing wider access for women to participate in religious and social activities can
help reduce tension and conflict in society.
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
By implementing these solutions comprehensively and sustainably, it is hoped that the
people of Solo can become an example for other regions in building a strong attitude of
religiosity as an effort to minimize violence and create a peaceful and harmonious society.
OUTPUT TARGETS
The output target of this research is publication in reputable International Journals
(Terindexed Scopus), and Service Articles published in ISSN Journals.
ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
Table 1 Schedule of Activities
No Activities Activities Months and Years 2023-2024
Juli-
Agustus
September-
October
November-
December
January-
February
March-April-
May
1 Making service proposals and
developing data collection
strategies
2 Field observation and community
development
3 Compilation of the results of
dedication and analysis
4 Compilation of service reports
and publications
5 Publication of community service
results
BUDGET
The HIT research budget is following the ceiling in the guide, amounting to IDR.
40,000,000,- (Forty Million Rupiah).
IMPLEMENTATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
Social control theory seems to support these findings independently of violent behaviour. A
second explanation for this finding can be found in the "Cost Signaling Theory of Religion",
which establishes that only those who are truly committed and engaged in sharing the ideas of
a particular group will be able to abandon a pleasurable or productive activity to participate in
it. As a result, the group will participate in public life with a more generous attitude. A third
explanation is the "theory of human development" based on moral essays, which speculate that
as one age, a person enters a more reflective stage of life, the nature of beliefs, meanings, and
purpose in life becomes prominent.
The influence of the importance of religion is stronger among adults than adolescents.
These results are supported by previous Devotion which found that inmates over the age of 24
who had a personal religious affiliation were less likely to engage in gangs and fights. But this
is not the case with inmates who attend religious services [50], [51]. Other devotions suggest
that the decline in theft rates was mainly due to youth participation in religious worship and
youth religiosity [52]–[54]. The attribution of religious interests is considered personal
religiosity, a concept independent of formal religion, which can raise awareness and prevent
destructive social behaviour.
In addition, religiosity or spirituality (R/S) is a multidimensional concept consisting of
various pathways that influence human behaviour. Regarding the mediating role in this
relationship, social development factors, such as bonds and antisocial beliefs, are fully
responsible for mediating various acts of religiosity or spirituality (R/S) and violence in the
adolescent sample. However, to our knowledge, no Community Service has examined social
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
support as an indirect impact of religiosity on violence. Encouraging positive social behaviour
may be a more important way to play a role in religiosity [55].
Alcohol dependence, on the other hand, has an important mediating role that undermines
religiosity and sustains its impact across age groups [56]. A study using BNADS' first
database, showed that individuals with higher levels of religiosity or spirituality (R/S) had
more opinions in favour of alcohol control policies, such as limiting sales and advertising
time, raising the legal drinking age, and raising taxes [57],[58]. The role of religious barriers
may be greater in alcohol as a drug, which is a secular institutional problem that must be
controlled [59].
The observed relationship between religiosity and domestic violence is entirely mediated by
the effects of alcohol abuse or dependence. This finding was corroborated by previous
findings showing that episodes of drinking mediated the protective effect of church attendance
on sexual violence during two years of student follow-up and by a Community Service
showing that discussions with partners regarding spiritual or moral values, domestic violence
victims and perpetrators, thus reducing 71% of cases of violence [60]–[62].
It is not uncommon to find simple results from an analysis of religiosity or mediated
spirituality (R/S), which may be due to the complexity of this multidimensional concept. We
recommend further devotion to other mental health disorders that may be mediators of
religiosity or spirituality (R/S) and violence, such as antisocial and borderline personality
disorder, which may be associated with more aggressive behaviour.
In addition, the design of intervention methodologies to reduce aggressive and criminal
behaviour has shown satisfactory results and should be considered when exploring possible
mechanisms of action of the dimensions of religiosity or spirituality (R/S). This devotion has
some limitations that must be considered. First, although we assessed two important and
previously studied variables, it should be noted that the R/S dimension should be considered a
multidimensional concept and assessed by different measures [63]–[65]. The use of more
detailed and validated questionnaires to assess religiosity or spirituality (R/S) compared to a
single question will probably yield different results. Second, our Devotion design is cross-
sectional, so inferences from causal relationships cannot be drawn [66].
Third, although it is nationally representative, the survey reflects the context of Solo
Indonesia. Some authors argue that cultural aspects influence religiosity and violent
relationships [67], [68]. Although a recent meta-analysis found no difference between Services
performed in the United States and Services performed in other countries, it is important to
note that Solo Indonesia is a deeply religious country [69]. Therefore, cultural influences must
be set aside when interpreting the results of this Devotion [70].
Fourth, although Devotion has previously supported our decision to only ask individuals
living with their partners about domestic violence, those who are in relationships but not
together can also be violent towards their partners [71],[72]. Likewise, this variable may be
less significant for the young population, since it requires individuals to marry or live with a
partner.
Finally, an analysis was carried out using dichotomous variables. This approach was
created to facilitate analysis and provide power because the percentage of such events is
relatively low. However, the results we obtain may be average (i.e. those who are abusers may
be higher than the permissible variables).
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
Figure 1. Fostering Religiosity in Employees to Minimize Violence in Solo
Source: Author's Creations
DESCRIPTION BEFORE AND AFTER MENTORING
Overview before and after the dedication to building awareness of the importance of
religiosity to minimize violence in the people of Solo:
Before Service: Before the service begins, the people of Solo often face major challenges
due to the high level of violence that occurs in various contexts. This violence is often
triggered by differences in beliefs and a lack of understanding of religious values as well as a
lack of awareness of the importance of religiosity in daily life. Conflicts between groups often
occur and pose tensions and threats to peace and stability in the region.
After Service: After a service that focused on building awareness of the importance of
religiosity to minimize violence, significant changes were seen in Solo society. Through a
holistic and participatory approach, people begin to understand that religious values, such as
tolerance, compassion, and peace, are a strong foundation in community life. With structured
religious formation and education programs, awareness of the importance of religiosity is
increasing in the community. This is reflected in a decrease in the incidence of violence and an
increase in harmony between groups with different religious backgrounds. Thus, the people of
Solo are now undergoing a positive transformation towards a more peaceful and inclusive
environment, where religiosity is the main pillar in building peace and unity.
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
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E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
Figure 2. Peace Yes, Violence No. Interactive Dialogue with Students and Employees
Source: Author's Creations
Table 2. Description before and after devotion in tabular form:
Aspects Before Service After Service
Level of
Consciousness
Low, lack of understanding of the
importance of religiosity in preventing
violence.
Increasingly, people have a deeper
understanding of the important role of
religiosity in minimizing violence.
Attitudes and
Behaviors
There are high levels of conflict and
violence, a lack of interfaith tolerance,
and indifference to religious values.
There have been positive changes in people's
attitudes and behaviours, where the level of
conflict decreases, interreligious tolerance
increases, and religious values are more
valued.
Community
Participation
Lack of community participation in
education and advocacy activities
related to the importance of religiosity
in preventing violence.
Increased community participation in
education, training, and advocacy activities
aimed at understanding and implementing
religiosity as a preventive measure against
violence.
With this table, the differences in conditions before and after service are clearly illustrated,
giving an idea of the positive impact of these service activities.
CONCLUSION
Community service on community development in Solo highlights the importance of
religiosity in minimizing violence. These interventions aim to increase understanding of
religion as a source of peace, educate about interfaith tolerance, and promote peaceful
religious practice. Through this approach, it is expected to create a more harmonious and safe
environment in Solo by reducing incidents of violence.
Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities
Vol.2, No.2, 2024, pp. 107-120
E-ISSN: 2988-3512
Copyright ⓒ 2024 Authors
Acknowledgements
Thank you to all parties who have supported this community service activity. Especially
those in the ranks of the Faculty of Islamic Religion, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
and all citizens involved in this service, May it be a shaleh charity for all of us.
Author Contribution
All authors contributed equally to the main contributor to this paper, all authors read and
approved the final paper, and all authors declared no conflict of interest.
Conflicts of Interest
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
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