Citation:Mutie, F.M.; Mbuni, Y.M.;
Rono, P.C.; Mkala, E.M.; Nzei, J.M.;
Phumthum, M.; Hu, G.-W.; Wang,
Q.-F. Important Medicinal and Food
Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya,
Based on Three Quantitative
Approaches.Plants2023,12, 1145.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
plants12051145
Academic Editor: Igor Loskutov
Received: 6 January 2023
Revised: 25 February 2023
Accepted: 27 February 2023
Published: 2 March 2023
Copyright:© 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).plants
Review
Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in
Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches
Fredrick Munyao Mutie
1,2,3
, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni
4
, Peninah Cheptoo Rono
1,2,3
,
Elijah Mbandi Mkala
1,2,3
, John Mulinge Nzei
2,3
, Methee Phumthum
5
, Guang-Wan Hu
2,3,
*
and Qing-Feng Wang
1,2,3
1
CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2
Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4
East African Herbarium, Nairobi National Museums, P.O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
*Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract:
Globally, food and medicinal plants have been documented, but their use patterns are
poorly understood. Useful plants are non-random subsets of ora, prioritizing certain taxa. This
study evaluates orders and families prioritized for medicine and food in Kenya, using three statistical
models: Regression, Binomial, and Bayesian approaches. An extensive literature search was con-
ducted to gather information on indigenous ora, medicinal and food plants. Regression residuals,
obtained using LlNEST linear regression function, were used to quantify if taxa had unexpectedly
high number of useful species relative to the overall proportion in the ora. Bayesian analysis, per-
formed using BETA.INV function, was used to obtain superior and inferior 95% probability credible
intervals for the whole ora and for all taxa. To test for the signicance of individual taxa depar-
ture from the expected number, binomial analysis using BINOMDIST function was performed to
obtainp-values for all taxa. The three models identied 14 positive outlier medicinal orders, all with
signicant values (p< 0.05). Fabales had the highest (66.16) regression residuals, while Sapindales
had the highest (1.1605) R-value. Thirty-eight positive outlier medicinal families were identied;
34 were signicant outliers (p< 0.05). Rutaceae (1.6808) had the highest R-value, while Fabaceae
had the highest regression residuals (63.2). Sixteen positive outlier food orders were recovered;
13 were signicant outliers (p< 0.05). Gentianales (45.27) had the highest regression residuals, while
Sapindales (2.3654) had the highest R-value. Forty-two positive outlier food families were recovered
by the three models; 30 were signicant outliers (p< 0.05). Anacardiaceae (5.163) had the highest
R-value, while Fabaceae had the highest (28.72) regression residuals. This study presents important
medicinal and food taxa in Kenya, and adds useful data for global comparisons.
Keywords:Bayesian analysis; binomial analysis; linear regression; outlier
1. Introduction
Scientic literature documents that traditional herbs are as old as mankind and are uti-
lized three to four times compared to modern medicines [1]. Globally, between 35,000 and
70,000 plant species, including monocots, dicots, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and lichens,
have been used for medicine in different cultures at some point in time [2]. In Africa,
over 5400 species are medicinal, and about 10% have been, to some extent, developed
commercially [3]. Many modern medicine prescriptions are plant-based [1], with estimates
indicating that 67% of chemotherapy drugs are derived from natural products [4], whereas
higher plants contribute over 25% of all drugs in clinical use [5]. Over 50,000 secondary
metabolites have been discovered in the plant kingdom alone [6]. The potential for discov-
ering more compounds is higher in the tropics since about 1% of tropical plants have been
Plants2023,12, 1145.
Plants2023,12, 1145 2 of 143
studied for pharmaceutical potential, although the tropics harbor nearly half of all ow-
ering plants [5]. If medicinal plants were not efcacious, they would not have developed
into a primary means of treatment in many societies [7]. This argument was justied when
a test involving medicinal and non-medicinal plants was carried out against the measles
virus: non-medicinal plants failed to decrease replication of the virus below control levels in
infected U937 cells after 4872 h, while extracts from medicinal plants had a neutralization
effect [8]. Successful treatments using plant-based medicines include the use of artemisinin
as an antimalarial drug [9] and the application of neem shampoo to eradicate head lice [10].
Food plants are also important resources, and globally, over 77% of rural households
collect them, and this proportion is higher in Africa (88%). Wild food plants are harvested
for both commercial and subsistence purposes [11]. Generally, diversity of wild food plants
is higher than that of cultivated food crops [11,12]. Native ora is an important resource
for many communities in Kenya [1315]. Its exploitation can be a buffer against periodical
famines [15,16], since it can improve the nutrition of many people through the provision
of vitamins, minerals, etc. Deciencies of vitamin A, which can be obtained from wild
fruits, are among the major health concerns in many children, especially in developing
countries [17]. Many wild plants eaten in Kenya have been demonstrated to contain energy,
fats, proteins and other nutrients [18].
People are very selective and rely heavily on certain taxa for food and medicine [19].
The selection of medicinal plants is based on diverse reasons, i.e., a tradition passed from
one generation to another, the efcacy of the plants, cross-cultural acquisition of knowledge,
the abundance of plants, the symbolic resemblance of plant parts to certain body organs,
and the taxonomic afliation of plants to known medicinal taxa [20]. However, plant-based
medicine is not just symbolic and placebo [21]. To nd consistent patterns of plant uses,
ethnobotanical studies have applied various metrics, such as informant consensus factor,
the relative frequency of citation, use reports, and delity levels [2224]. However, those
indices are not independent from each other, and thus behave similarly. They are also
not grounded in well-supported statistical approaches, and thus not robust enough to
lead into discovery of new drugs [25,26]. Understanding plant use patterns cannot be
achieved through species counts since they tend to overemphasize large families, while
percentages of medicinal species overemphasize small families [27]. If medicinal plants
were selected at random, the proportion of plants selected from each family would be
equal [28]. Quantitative analysis based on least squares regression found that some families
comprise a higher number of medicinal species than would be expected from a null model
of a linear relationship between the total number of species in a family and the observed
medicinal species [29]. This model was applied by Moerman [30], when analyzing patterns
of plant uses by native Americans, where bias towards uses of certain taxa was identied,
demonstrating that medicinal properties were not randomly distributed in plants. Plants
used for the treatment of diseases portray a phylogenetic clustering [31], and this has been
supported by the detection of phylogenetic signals in seed plants due to the presence of
related secondary metabolites [32]. A number of studies carried out worldwide support the
perspective that certain plant families are heavily relied on for medicinal uses, e.g., in North
America [19], Mexico [33], South Africa, Nepal and New Zealand [34], South Africa [28],
Southern Belize [35], and Thailand [29].
Linear regression, binomial, and Bayesian models have been widely applied in detect-
ing outliers in oras [1921,29,30,36,37]. Linear regression approach evaluates outliers by
regressing the number of useful species against the total number of species per taxon, then
interpreting the resultant least squares line as a measure of average relationship between
taxa sizes and the number of useful plants. Regression residuals obtained are used to
quantify the extent to which taxa have unexpectedly high or low number of useful species
relative to the overall proportion of species in a ora [1921,36]. However, this approach
lacks tests of statistical hypotheses and prowess to measure uncertainties for estimates or
control error rates associated with over- and under-use of taxa. Regression approach is also
subjective in assessing what constitutes a large or a small residual [20], thus a new metric
Plants2023,12, 1145 3 of 143
was coined to be used alongside the residuals [29]. Regression model is also biased towards
large families, assumes a linear relationship between useful species and total species in
taxa [37], and it is also unclear whether more outliers would result from the overall pro-
portion in a given ora than one would expect by chance [20]. Binomial analysis was thus
introduced, and was rst used in highlighting outstanding medicinal taxa in Ecuadorian
Shuar ora using contingency tables. This model provides tests of statistical hypotheses by
assessing whether distribution of useful plants among taxa would depart signicantly from
a homogenous null distribution, which is analogous to analyzing overall signicance of an
ANOVA model, then testing for the signicance of individual parameters. Binomial model
relies on a test statistic with a binomial distribution, that assumes that the proportion of
useful plants in taxa equals the proportion of useful plants in the whole ora, and treats
each species within taxa as a random trial with a probability of being utilized or not [20].
Although binomial approach considers the stochastic process of the number of species
used, it treats the proportion of useful species in the ora as a xed number, which is in fact
an estimated value with inherent uncertainties, since it is obtained from sampled data. To
accommodate these uncertainties, Bayesian model treats the proportion of useful species in
taxa as a random variable, with values ranging from 01, and with a certain probability
known as prior probability. These values are assumed to be uniformly distributed prior
to sampling since there is no sufcient ground to believe that some taxa would have a
lower or higher probability of being selected. The prior probability is updated to posterior
probability, after sampling and analyzing the total and useful species in each taxon. Since
proportion of all useful species in the local ora is a random variable, it is also assigned
a posterior probability. Posterior probability distributions of useful species in each taxon
and in the whole ora are used to judge if certain taxa depart from the expected proportion
of useful species [37]. The combination of the three approaches is thus recommended to
avoid biases when dealing with small to medium-sized samples [29,37]. These approaches
are important when exploring higher taxonomic groups to identify important taxa and in
comparing unrelated cultures by discounting ineffective taxa [34].
If medicinal plants are selected independently more than once, their case for ef-
cacy is stronger, and in this perspective, common patterns have been found in different
ethnomedicinal oras pertaining to diverse cultures [34]. However, close cultures may
undergo transmission of ethnomedicinal knowledge, thus distorting the independent cul-
tural consensus on the use of those plants and, in turn, affecting anticipated biological
activities [34]. Understanding why different plants produce different secondary metabo-
lites is paramount for bioprospecting [28]. The high cost of research and development of
novel drugs necessitates optimization of the drug bioprospecting phase to help identify
ethnomedicinal taxa possessing biological activities, especially when the resource base
is extensive and diverse [28,34]. One such extensive resource base is the ora of Kenya,
which is distributed in seven oral regions (K1K7) [38]. Medicinal and food plants are
diverse and important resources in Kenya [39,40]. Plants found in dry areas are perceived
to have better medicinal qualities [41], while wild fruits are most important to people living
in arid areas [42]. This suggests that Kenya, 80% of whose landmass is under arid and
semi-arid conditions, which are also some of the most botanically diverse habitats with over
5000 indigenous species [43,44], is an important region for evaluating the selection behavior
of useful plants. Kenya is also endowed with culturally diverse ethnic minorities [45],
who have potentially played a role in shaping her present traditional plant use patterns.
Plant selection behavior pertaining to medicinal and food taxa is not well understood in
Kenya. At a global scale, studies have mostly focused on unraveling relationships between
total oras and ethnomedicinal oras, thus paying little attention to comparative analyses
between medicinal and food oras. Based on three quantitative approaches: Regression,
Bayesian, and Binomial analyses, the objective of this study was to test whether medicinal
and food taxa in Kenya are selected randomly by the users, since the ora of Kenya has
never been explored in this perspective.
Plants2023,12, 1145 4 of 143
2. Results
2.1. Medicinal Orders
The modeled linear relationship between predicted medicinal taxa and the total num-
ber of species was given as P = 0.1599T + 7.1454 (for orders) and P = 0.176T + 1.4133 (for
families). The two equations explained 64.88% and 65.74% of the variation in y-values,
respectively, and the total number of species in the ora was a signicant predictor of
medicinal species in both orders and families (p< 0.05; Figure). Cumulatively, the
three models identied 14 important medicinal orders; only six of those orders (Fabales,
Malpighiales, Malvales, Sapindales, Mrytales, and Rosales) were recovered under all mod-
els. The regression model recovered six positive outliers, while binomial and Bayesian
models identied 14 and 12 orders, respectively. Fabales had the highest residuals (66.16),
followed by Malpighiales (55). Under the regression model, Sapindales had the highest
R-value (1.1605), followed by Rosales (0.7507). All the 14 orders identied by the three
models were recovered under the binomial model with signicant values (p< 0.05; Table).
Plants 2023, 12, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/plants
Figure 1. Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of medicinal spe-
cies and the total number of species for orders and families.
Figure 1.
Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of medicinal species
and the total number of species for orders and families.
Plants2023,12, 1145 5 of 143
Table 1.
Quantitative analysis of medicinal species in orders. Ttotal number of species in the ora;
Mmedicinal species;"/#positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Papredicted medicinal
species under regression model; Res.regression residuals; P
bpredicted medicinal species under
binomial model; inf.Bayesian inferior 95% probability credible intervals; sup.Bayesian superior
95% probability credible intervals; *positive outliers.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Order T M P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.2102) sup. (0.2314)
Fabales 592 168 "101.84 66.16 0.6497 * 130.59 0.0002 * 0.249 * 0.3214
Malpighiales 418 129 " 74 55 0.7433 * 92.21 0 * 0.2663 * 0.3545
Sapindales 158 70 " 32.4 37.6 1.1605 * 34.85 0 * 0.3678 * 0.5211
Malvales 236 72 "44.88 27.12 0.6043 * 52.06 0.0016 * 0.2499 * 0.3667
Rosales 134 50 "28.56 21.44 0.7507 * 29.56 0 * 0.2958 * 0.4577
Asterales 440 96 "77.52 18.48 0.2384 97.06 0.5672 0.1822 0.2592
Gentianales 533 109 " 92.4 16.6 0.1797 117.58 0.8283 0.1725 0.2408
Lamiales 676 131 "115.28 15.72 0.1364 149.12 0.9596 0.1658 0.2253
Myrtales 100 35 "23.12 11.88 0.5139 * 22.06 0.0021 * 0.2636 * 0.4477
Caryophyllales 182 47 "36.24 10.76 0.2969 40.15 0.129 0.2002 0.3265
Solanales 166 42 "33.68 8.32 0.2471 36.62 0.1796 0.193 0.3244
Brassicales 116 32 "25.68 6.32 0.2461 25.59 0.0951 0.2028 0.3636
Apiales 55 22 "15.92 6.08 0.382 12.13 0.0021 * 0.281 * 0.5325
Ericales 94 28 "22.16 5.84 0.2636 20.74 0.0498 * 0.2149 0.3971
Cucurbitales 76 25 "19.28 5.72 0.2967 16.77 0.0194 * 0.2338 * 0.441
Magnoliales 32 15 "12.24 2.76 0.2256 7.06 0.0016 * 0.308 * 0.6365
Ranunculales 34 14 "12.56 1.44 0.1147 7.5 0.0096 * 0.2632 * 0.5789
Vitales 55 17 "15.92 1.08 0.0679 12.13 0.0814 0.2029 0.441
Santalales 81 21 "20.08 0.92 0.0459 17.87 0.2365 0.1764 0.3644
Celastrales 37 13 #13.04 0.04 0.003 8.16 0.0479 * 0.2181 0.5135
Saxifragales 37 11 #13.04 2.04 0.1564 8.16 0.1753 0.175 0.459
Zygophyllales 16 6 # 9.68 3.68 0.3801 3.53 0.1201 0.1844 0.6167
Boraginales 61 13 #16.88 3.88 0.2298 13.46 0.6057 0.1293 0.3318
Zingiberales 9 4 # 8.56 4.56 0.5327 1.99 0.1153 0.1871 0.7376
Icacinales 3 3 # 7.6 4.6 0.6052 0.66 0.0107 * 0.3976 * 0.9937
Geraniales 16 5 # 9.68 4.68 0.4834 3.53 0.2672 0.1421 0.5596
Piperales 17 5 # 9.84 4.84 0.4918 3.75 0.315 0.1334 0.5348
Oxalidales 12 4 # 9.04 5.04 0.5575 2.65 0.2627 0.1386 0.6143
Laurales 8 3 # 8.4 5.4 0.6428 1.76 0.25 0.137 0.7007
Canellales 2 2 # 7.44 5.44 0.7312 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Arecales 7 2 # 8.24 6.24 0.7573 1.54 0.4791 0.0852 0.6509
Proteales 7 2 # 8.24 6.24 0.7573 1.54 0.4791 0.0852 0.6509
Aquifoliales 1 1 # 7.28 6.28 0.8626 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Buxales 1 1 # 7.28 6.28 0.8626 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Liliales 8 2 # 8.4 6.4 0.7619 1.76 0.5555 0.0749 0.6001
Dilleniales 2 1 # 7.44 6.44 0.8656 0.44 0.3925 0.0943 0.9057
Gunnerales 2 1 # 7.44 6.44 0.8656 0.44 0.3925 0.0943 0.9057
Nymphaeales 3 1 # 7.6 6.6 0.8684 0.66 0.5265 0.0676 0.8059
Dioscoreales 10 2 # 8.72 6.72 0.7706 2.21 0.6832 0.0602 0.5178
Fagales 4 1 # 7.76 6.76 0.8711 0.88 0.631 0.0527 0.7164
Cornales 5 1 # 7.92 6.92 0.8737 1.1 0.7124 0.0433 0.6412
Pandanales 5 1 # 7.92 6.92 0.8737 1.1 0.7124 0.0433 0.6412
Metteniusales 1 0 # 7.28 7.28 1 0.22 0.7794 0.0126 0.8419
Ceratophyllales 2 0 # 7.44 7.44 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Vahliales 3 0 # 7.6 7.6 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Dipsacales 10 1 # 8.72 7.72 0.8853 2.21 0.9173 0.0228 0.4128
Commelinales 73 11 # 18.8 7.8 0.4149 16.1 0.9486 0.0867 0.2504
Alismatales 58 5 # 16.4 11.4 0.6951 12.79 0.9981 0.0382 0.1868
Asparagales 447 44 #78.64
34.64 0.4405 98.61 1 0.0742 0.1296
Poales 838 29 #141.2
112.2 0.7946 184.86 1 0.0243 0.0493
Plants2023,12, 1145 6 of 143
2.2. Medicinal Families
The three models identied 38 positive outliers, whereas 31 outliers were identied by
all the models. The bayesian approach identied 31 families, while the binomial approach
identied all 34 positive outliers (p< 0.05). The regression approach identied 32 positive
outliers, but it did not recover Canellaceae, Peraceae, Phytolaccaceae, Pittosporaceae,
Salvadoraceae, and Typhaceae, which were identied by the other two models. Rutaceae
(1.6808) had the highest R-value, followed by Oleaceae (1.497). Fabaceae had the highest
(63.2) residuals, followed by Lamiaceae 25.74 (Table).
Table 2.
Quantitative analysis of medicinal species in families. Ttotal number of species
in the ora; Mmedicinal species; Papredicted medicinal species under the regression
model;"/#positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Res.regression residuals; P
b
predicted medicinal species under binomial model; inf.Bayesian inferior 95% probability credible
intervals; sup.Bayesian superior 95% probability credible intervals; *positive outliers.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T M P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.2102) sup. (0.2314)
Fabaceae 559 71 42.28 28.72 0.6793 * 63.09 0.1609 0.102 0.1572
Fabaceae 559 163 " 99.8 63.2 0.6333 * 123.34 0.0001 * 0.2555 * 0.3306
Lamiaceae 198 62 "36.26 25.74 0.7098 * 43.69 0.0016 * 0.2526 * 0.3809
Malvaceae 221 66 "40.31 25.69 0.6373 * 48.76 0.0042 * 0.2422 * 0.3621
Euphorbiaceae 217 64 "39.61 24.39 0.6159 * 47.88 0.0065 * 0.2383 * 0.3589
Asteraceae 398 93 "71.46 21.54 0.3014 87.81 0.2829 0.1948 0.2777
Rubiaceae 254 60 "46.12 13.88 0.301 56.04 0.2969 0.1882 0.2922
Combretaceae 38 20 " 8.1 11.9 1.4687 * 8.38 0 * 0.3718 * 0.6758
Cucurbitaceae 70 25 "13.73 11.27 0.8204 * 15.44 0.0064 * 0.255 * 0.4746
Rutaceae 28 17 " 6.34 10.66 1.6808 * 6.18 0 * 0.4226 * 0.7648
Phyllanthaceae 51 21 "10.39 10.61 1.0213 * 11.25 0.0017 * 0.2873 * 0.549
Solanaceae 51 21 "10.39 10.61 1.0213 * 11.25 0.0017 * 0.2873 * 0.549
Capparaceae 48 20 " 9.86 10.14 1.0281 * 10.59 0.0018 * 0.2882 * 0.5579
Amaranthaceae 64 22 "12.68 9.32 0.7354 * 14.12 0.0162 * 0.2392 * 0.4665
Annonaceae 30 15 " 6.69 8.31 1.241 * 6.62 0.0007 * 0.3306 * 0.6694
Sapindaceae 36 15 " 7.75 7.25 0.9357 * 7.94 0.0066 * 0.271 * 0.579
Anacardiaceae 25 13 " 5.81 7.19 1.2363 * 5.52 0.001 * 0.3337 * 0.7007
Moraceae 55 18 "11.09 6.91 0.6226 * 12.13 0.045 * 0.2181 0.4596
Oleaceae 17 11 " 4.41 6.59 1.497 * 3.75 0.0002 * 0.4099 * 0.827
Meliaceae 23 12 " 5.46 6.54 1.1973 * 5.07 0.0015 * 0.3282 * 0.7088
Vitaceae 55 17 "11.09 5.91 0.5325 * 12.13 0.0815 0.2029 0.441
Rhamnaceae 18 10 " 4.58 5.42 1.1828 * 3.97 0.002 * 0.335 * 0.7555
Salicaceae 18 10 " 4.58 5.42 1.1828 * 3.97 0.002 * 0.335 * 0.7555
Celastraceae 37 13 " 7.93 5.07 0.6403 * 8.16 0.048 * 0.2181 0.5135
Araliaceae 12 8 " 3.53 4.47 1.2693 * 2.65 0.0012 * 0.3857 * 0.8614
Melastomataceae 15 8 " 4.05 3.95 0.9737 * 3.31 0.008 * 0.2988 * 0.7535
Bignoniaceae 6 6 " 2.47 3.53 1.4298 * 1.32 0.0001 * 0.5904 * 0.9964
Apiaceae 41 12 " 8.63 3.37 0.3906 9.05 0.1761 0.1762 0.4458
Burseraceae 42 12 " 8.81 3.19 0.3628 9.27 0.1998 0.1718 0.4367
Ebenaceae 20 8 " 4.93 3.07 0.6216 * 4.41 0.0545 0.2182 0.6156
Menispermaceae 16 7 " 4.23 2.77 0.6551 * 3.53 0.0438 * 0.2298 0.6708
Verbenaceae 22 8 " 5.29 2.71 0.5136 * 4.85 0.0914 0.1971 0.5727
Sapotaceae 28 9 " 6.34 2.66 0.4193 6.18 0.1453 0.1794 0.5083
Crassulaceae 34 10 " 7.4 2.6 0.3518 7.5 0.2007 0.1685 0.463
Cannabaceae 6 5 " 2.47 2.53 1.0249 * 1.32 0.0026 * 0.4213 * 0.9633
Urticaceae 29 9 " 6.52 2.48 0.3809 6.4 0.1716 0.1729 0.494
Hypericaceae 12 6 " 3.53 2.47 0.702 * 2.65 0.0309 * 0.2513 * 0.7487
Apocynaceae 235 45 "42.77 2.23 0.0521 51.85 0.8773 0.1464 0.2467
Thymelaeaceae 14 6 " 3.88 2.12 0.5475 * 3.09 0.067 0.2127 0.6771
Polygonaceae 20 7 " 4.93 2.07 0.4189 4.41 0.1317 0.1811 0.5697
Rosaceae 26 8 " 5.99 2.01 0.3357 5.74 0.1981 0.1652 0.5018
Plants2023,12, 1145 7 of 143
Table 2.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T M P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.2102) sup. (0.2314)
Ranunculaceae 16 6 " 4.23 1.77 0.4187 3.53 0.1202 0.1844 0.6167
Zygophyllaceae 16 6 " 4.23 1.77 0.4187 3.53 0.1202 0.1844 0.6167
Icacinaceae 3 3 " 1.94 1.06 0.5454 * 0.66 0.0107 * 0.3976 * 0.9937
Olacaceae 3 3 " 1.94 1.06 0.5454 * 0.66 0.0107 * 0.3976 * 0.9937
Salvadoraceae 4 3 " 2.12 0.88 0.4169 0.88 0.0359 * 0.2836 * 0.9473
Boraginaceae 61 13 "12.15 0.85 0.07 13.46 0.606 0.1293 0.3318
Loranthaceae 50 11 "10.21 0.79 0.077 11.03 0.5595 0.1279 0.3532
Primulaceae 17 5 " 4.41 0.59 0.135 3.75 0.3151 0.1334 0.5348
Moringaceae 6 3 " 2.47 0.53 0.2149 1.32 0.1258 0.1841 0.8159
Oxalidaceae 6 3 " 2.47 0.53 0.2149 1.32 0.1258 0.1841 0.8159
Asparagaceae 103 20 "19.54 0.46 0.0235 22.73 0.7755 0.1296 0.2813
Ochnaceae 18 5 " 4.58 0.42 0.0914 3.97 0.3638 0.1258 0.512
Loganiaceae 13 4 " 3.7 0.3 0.0807 2.87 0.3182 0.1276 0.581
Canellaceae 2 2 " 1.77 0.23 0.133 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Peraceae 2 2 " 1.77 0.23 0.133 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Phytolaccaceae 2 2 " 1.77 0.23 0.133 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Pittosporaceae 2 2 " 1.77 0.23 0.133 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Typhaceae 2 2 " 1.77 0.23 0.133 0.44 0.0487 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Zingiberaceae 8 3 " 2.82 0.18 0.0633 1.77 0.2501 0.137 0.7007
Clusiaceae 3 2 " 1.94 0.06 0.0302 0.66 0.1246 0.1941 0.9324
Opiliaceae 3 2 " 1.94 0.06 0.0302 0.66 0.1246 0.1941 0.9324
Myrtaceae 9 3 3 0 0.0009 1.99 0.3175 0.1216 0.6525
Rhizophoraceae 9 3 3 0 0.0009 1.99 0.3175 0.1216 0.6525
Geraniaceae 15 4 # 4.05 0.05 0.0131 3.31 0.4298 0.1102 0.5238
Talinaceae 4 2 # 2.12 0.12 0.0554 0.88 0.2133 0.1466 0.8534
Aristolochiaceae 5 2 # 2.29 0.29 0.1279 1.1 0.3054 0.1181 0.7772
Santalaceae 23 5 # 5.46 0.46 0.0845 5.07 0.596 0.0977 0.4215
Plumbaginaceae 6 2 # 2.47 0.47 0.1901 1.32 0.3952 0.099 0.7096
Convolvulaceae 114 21 #21.48 0.48 0.0222 25.15 0.854 0.1239 0.2655
Nyctaginaceae 12 3 # 3.53 0.53 0.149 2.65 0.5135 0.0909 0.5381
Piperaceae 12 3 # 3.53 0.53 0.149 2.65 0.5135 0.0909 0.5381
Adoxaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Aquifoliaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Berberidaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Buxaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Cactaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Flagellariaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Francoaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Hamamelidaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Lecythidaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Liliaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Monimiaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Musaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Myrothamnaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Penaeaceae 1 1 # 1.59 0.59 0.3708 0.22 0.2206 0.1581 0.9874
Arecaceae 7 2 # 2.65 0.65 0.2439 1.54 0.4792 0.0852 0.6509
Proteaceae 7 2 # 2.65 0.65 0.2439 1.54 0.4792 0.0852 0.6509
Passioraceae 30 6 # 6.69 0.69 0.1036 6.62 0.6769 0.0959 0.3747
Pedaliaceae 13 3 # 3.7 0.7 0.1895 2.87 0.5721 0.0839 0.508
Basellaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Chrysobalanaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Dilleniaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Nymphaeaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Picrodendraceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Smilacaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Velloziaceae 2 1 # 1.77 0.77 0.4335 0.44 0.3926 0.0943 0.9057
Plants2023,12, 1145 8 of 143
Table 2.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T M P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.2102) sup. (0.2314)
Cornaceae 3 1 # 1.94 0.94 0.4849 0.66 0.5266 0.0676 0.8059
Lauraceae 3 1 # 1.94 0.94 0.4849 0.66 0.5266 0.0676 0.8059
Myricaceae 3 1 # 1.94 0.94 0.4849 0.66 0.5266 0.0676 0.8059
Simaroubaceae 3 1 # 1.94 0.94 0.4849 0.66 0.5266 0.0676 0.8059
Araceae 26 5 # 5.99 0.99 0.1652 5.74 0.7098 0.0862 0.3808
Dichapetalaceae 9 2 # 3 1 0.3327 1.99 0.6236 0.0667 0.5561
Dioscoreaceae 9 2 # 3 1 0.3327 1.99 0.6236 0.0667 0.5561
Cleomaceae 15 3 # 4.05 1.05 0.2599 3.31 0.6752 0.0727 0.4565
Balsaminaceae 21 4 # 5.11 1.11 0.2171 4.63 0.7126 0.0782 0.4028
Hernandiaceae 4 1 # 2.12 1.12 0.5277 0.88 0.6311 0.0527 0.7164
Resedaceae 4 1 # 2.12 1.12 0.5277 0.88 0.6311 0.0527 0.7164
Malpighiaceae 10 2 # 3.17 1.17 0.3697 2.21 0.6833 0.0602 0.5178
Achariaceae 5 1 # 2.29 1.29 0.5639 1.1 0.7125 0.0433 0.6412
Colchicaceae 5 1 # 2.29 1.29 0.5639 1.1 0.7125 0.0433 0.6412
Putranjivaceae 5 1 # 2.29 1.29 0.5639 1.1 0.7125 0.0433 0.6412
Stilbaceae 5 1 # 2.29 1.29 0.5639 1.1 0.7125 0.0433 0.6412
Asphodelaceae 57 10 #11.45 1.45 0.1263 12.58 0.8371 0.0987 0.2943
Connaraceae 6 1 # 2.47 1.47 0.595 1.32 0.7759 0.0367 0.5787
Molluginaceae 6 1 # 2.47 1.47 0.595 1.32 0.7759 0.0367 0.5787
Alismataceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Alismataceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Ancistrocladaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Aphloiaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Bixaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Burmanniaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Cabombaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Caricaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Casuarinaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Gunneraceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Kirkiaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Lophiocarpaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Metteniusaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Montiaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Montiniaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Myristicaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Papaveraceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Petiveriaceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Zosteraceae 1 0 # 1.59 1.59 1 0.22 1 0.0126 0.8419
Ericaceae 7 1 # 2.65 1.65 0.622 1.54 0.8253 0.0319 0.5265
Juncaceae 7 1 # 2.65 1.65 0.622 1.54 0.8253 0.0319 0.5265
Portulacaceae 19 3 # 4.76 1.76 0.3694 4.19 0.8238 0.0573 0.3789
Balanophoraceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Ceratophyllaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Costaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Droseraceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Gisekiaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Goodeniaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Haloragaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Limeaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Menyanthaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Phrymaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Pontederiaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Tamaricaceae 2 0 # 1.77 1.77 1 0.44 1 0.0084 0.7076
Amaryllidaceae 14 2 # 3.88 1.88 0.4842 3.09 0.8486 0.0433 0.4046
Didiereaceae 3 0 # 1.94 1.94 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Plants2023,12, 1145 9 of 143
Table 2.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T M P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.2102) sup. (0.2314)
Gelsemiaceae 3 0 # 1.94 1.94 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Pandanaceae 3 0 # 1.94 1.94 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Podostemaceae 3 0 # 1.94 1.94 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Vahliaceae 3 0 # 1.94 1.94 1 0.66 1 0.0063 0.6024
Onagraceae 9 1 # 3 2 0.6664 1.99 0.8939 0.0252 0.445
Caryophyllaceae 21 3 # 5.11 2.11 0.4128 4.63 0.8733 0.0519 0.3491
Erythroxylaceae 4 0 # 2.12 2.12 1 0.88 1 0.0051 0.5218
Hypoxidaceae 10 1 # 3.17 2.17 0.6849 2.21 0.9173 0.0228 0.4128
Polygalaceae 33 5 # 7.22 2.22 0.3076 7.28 0.8825 0.0676 0.3106
Linaceae 5 0 # 2.29 2.29 1 1.1 1 0.0042 0.4593
Aponogetonaceae 6 0 # 2.47 2.47 1 1.32 1 0.0036 0.4096
Begoniaceae 6 0 # 2.47 2.47 1 1.32 1 0.0036 0.4096
Potamogetonaceae 6 0 # 2.47 2.47 1 1.32 1 0.0036 0.4096
Xyridaceae 6 0 # 2.47 2.47 1 1.32 1 0.0036 0.4096
Eriocaulaceae 7 0 # 2.65 2.65 1 1.54 1 0.0032 0.3694
Violaceae 13 1 # 3.7 2.7 0.7298 2.87 0.9609 0.0178 0.3387
Gesneriaceae 8 0 # 2.82 2.82 1 1.77 1 0.0028 0.3363
Commelinaceae 71 11 #13.91 2.91 0.2092 15.67 0.9355 0.0892 0.2569
Caprifoliaceae 9 0 # 3 3 1 1.99 1 0.0025 0.3085
Aizoaceae 10 0 # 3.17 3.17 1 2.21 1 0.0023 0.2849
Lentibulariaceae 11 0 # 3.35 3.35 1 2.43 1 0.0021 0.2646
Scrophulariaceae 17 1 # 4.41 3.41 0.773 3.75 0.9856 0.0138 0.2729
Lythraceae 28 2 # 6.34 4.34 0.6846 6.18 0.9917 0.0219 0.2277
Hydrocharitaceae 17 0 # 4.41 4.41 1 3.75 1 0.0014 0.1853
Iridaceae 23 1 # 5.46 4.46 0.8169 5.07 0.9968 0.0103 0.2112
Plantaginaceae 23 1 # 5.46 4.46 0.8169 5.07 0.9968 0.0103 0.2112
Campanulaceae 38 3 # 8.1 5.1 0.6297 8.38 0.9948 0.0287 0.2087
Linderniaceae 28 1 # 6.34 5.34 0.8423 6.18 0.9991 0.0085 0.1776
Brassicaceae 38 2 # 8.1 6.1 0.7531 8.38 0.9991 0.0162 0.1732
Gentianaceae 28 0 # 6.34 6.34 1 6.18 1 0.0009 0.1194
Orobanchaceae 55 3 #11.09 8.09 0.7296 12.13 0.9998 0.0198 0.1487
Acanthaceae 271 34 #49.11
15.11 0.3077 59.79 1 0.0913 0.1703
Orchidaceae 240 10 #43.65
33.65 0.7709 52.95 1 0.023 0.075
Cyperaceae 269 12 #48.76
36.76 0.7539 59.35 1 0.0259 0.0763
Poaceae 546 13 #97.51
84.51 0.8667 120.47 1 0.0141 0.0403
2.3. Food Orders
Under the regression model, the predicted number of food taxa was recovered under
the equations: P = 0.0685T + 5.2227 (for orders) and P = 0.0734T + 1.2479 (for families). The
two models explained 47.14% and 49.64% of the variation in y-values, respectively, and
the number of total species in the ora was a signicant predictor of food species in both
orders and families (p< 0.05; Figure). Sixteen positive outliers were recovered by the three
approaches, where seven of them were recovered by all three models. Both binomial and
Bayesian models recovered 13 positive outliers each. The linear regression model recovered
11 positive outliers, where Sapindales (2.3654) had the highest R-value, followed by Rosales
(1.4997). Solanales and Fabales were identied by the regression model only. Gentianales
(45.27) and Sapindales (37.95) had the highest regression residuals (Table).
2.4. Food Families
The three models recovered 42 positive outliers; 27 families were recovered by all three
models (p< 0.05). The regression model identied 35 positive outliers, where Anacardiaceae
(5.163) had the highest R-value, followed by Sapotaceae (4.7522). Fabaceae had the highest
regression residual (28.72), and was only recovered as an outlier under regression approach.
Plants2023,12, 1145 10 of 143
Binomial and Bayesian models identied 30 (p< 0.05) and 34 positive outliers, respectively
(Table).Plants 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 3
Figure 2. Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of food species and
the total number of species for orders and families.
Figure 2.
Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of food species and
the total number of species for orders and families.
Table 3.
Quantitative analysis of food orders. Ttotal number of species in the ora; Ffood species;
"/#positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Papredicted food species under regression
model; Res.regression residuals; P
bpredicted food species under binomial model; inf.Bayesian
inferior 95% probability credible intervals; sup.Bayesian superior 95% probability credible intervals;
*positive outliers.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Orders T F P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Gentianales 533 87 "41.73 45.27 1.0847 * 60.16 0.0003 * 0.1343 * 0.197
Sapindales 158 54 "16.05 37.95 2.3654 * 17.83 0 * 0.2723 * 0.4189
Fabales 592 72 "45.77 26.23 0.5729 * 66.82 0.2681 0.0977 0.1504
Rosales 134 36 " 14.4 21.6 1.4997 * 15.12 0 * 0.2009 * 0.3496
Ericales 94 29 "11.66 17.34 1.4868 * 10.61 0 * 0.2242 * 0.4082
Brassicales 116 30 "13.17 16.83 1.2781 * 13.09 0 * 0.1877 * 0.3454
Caryophyllales 182 34 "17.69 16.31 0.922 * 20.54 0.0022 * 0.137 * 0.2498
Plants2023,12, 1145 11 of 143
Table 3.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Orders T F P a Res. R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Malvales 236 37 "21.39 15.61 0.7299 * 26.64 0.025 * 0.116 0.2087
Cucurbitales 76 26 "10.43 15.57 1.4931 * 8.58 0 * 0.2453 * 0.4545
Solanales 166 25 "16.59 8.41 0.5066 * 18.74 0.0826 0.1043 0.213
Malpighiales 418 40 "33.86 6.14 0.1815 47.18 0.8842 0.0711 0.1277
Celastrales 37 13 " 7.76 5.24 0.6759 * 4.18 0.0001 * 0.2181 * 0.5135
Boraginales 61 11 " 9.4 1.6 0.1701 6.88 0.078 0.1042 0.2953
Magnoliales 32 8 " 7.41 0.59 0.0789 3.61 0.023 * 0.133 * 0.4226
Myrtales 100 12 #12.07 0.07 0.006 11.29 0.4569 0.0704 0.1983
Zygophyllales 16 6 # 6.32 0.32 0.0504 1.81 0.0061 * 0.1844 * 0.6167
Arecales 7 5 # 5.7 0.7 0.1231 0.79 0.0003 * 0.3491 * 0.9148
Vitales 55 8 # 8.99 0.99 0.1101 6.21 0.278 0.0762 0.2622
Santalales 81 9 #10.77 1.77 0.1644 9.14 0.5719 0.0601 0.1982
Nymphaeales 3 2 # 5.43 3.43 0.6316 0.34 0.0353 * 0.1941 * 0.9324
Ranunculales 34 4 # 7.55 3.55 0.4703 3.84 0.5444 0.0481 0.2674
Zingiberales 9 2 # 5.84 3.84 0.6575 1.02 0.27 0.0667 0.5561
Dioscoreales 10 2 # 5.91 3.91 0.6615 1.13 0.314 0.0602 0.5178
Oxalidales 12 2 # 6.04 4.04 0.6691 1.35 0.3996 0.0504 0.4545
Aquifoliales 1 1 # 5.29 4.29 0.811 0.11 0.1129 0.1581 0.9874
Canellales 2 1 # 5.36 4.36 0.8134 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Dilleniales 2 1 # 5.36 4.36 0.8134 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Piperales 17 2 # 6.39 4.39 0.6869 1.92 0.5871 0.0358 0.3471
Icacinales 3 1 # 5.43 4.43 0.8158 0.34 0.3018 0.0676 0.8059
Pandanales 5 1 # 5.57 4.57 0.8203 0.56 0.4505 0.0433 0.6412
Alismatales 58 4 # 9.2 5.2 0.565 6.55 0.905 0.0281 0.1646
Buxales 1 0 # 5.29 5.29 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Metteniusales 1 0 # 5.29 5.29 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Geraniales 16 1 # 6.32 5.32 0.8417 1.81 0.8528 0.0146 0.2869
Ceratophyllales 2 0 # 5.36 5.36 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Gunnerales 2 0 # 5.36 5.36 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Vahliales 3 0 # 5.43 5.43 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Fagales 4 0 # 5.5 5.5 1 0.45 1 0.0051 0.5218
Lamiales 676 46 #51.53 5.53 0.1073 76.3 1 0.0515 0.0896
Cornales 5 0 # 5.57 5.57 1 0.56 1 0.0042 0.4593
Proteales 7 0 # 5.7 5.7 1 0.79 1 0.0032 0.3694
Laurales 8 0 # 5.77 5.77 1 0.9 1 0.0028 0.3363
Liliales 8 0 # 5.77 5.77 1 0.9 1 0.0028 0.3363
Dipsacales 10 0 # 5.91 5.91 1 1.13 1 0.0023 0.2849
Commelinales 73 4 #10.22 6.22 0.6087 8.24 0.9711 0.0223 0.1327
Saxifragales 37 1 # 7.76 6.76 0.8711 4.18 0.9881 0.0064 0.1381
Apiales 55 2 # 8.99 6.99 0.7775 6.21 0.989 0.0112 0.1231
Asterales 440 15 #35.36
20.36 0.5758 49.66 1 0.0209 0.0555
Asparagales 447 15 #35.84
20.84 0.5815 50.45 1 0.0205 0.0546
Poales 838 15 #62.63
47.63 0.7605 94.58 1 0.0109 0.0293
Table 4.
Quantitative analysis of food families. Ttotal number of species in the ora; Ffood
species;"/#positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Papredicted food species under regres-
sion model; P
bpredicted food species under binomial model; inf.Bayesian inferior 95% probability
credible intervals; sup.Bayesian superior 95% probability credible intervals; *positive outlier.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T F P a Res R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Fabaceae 559 71 42.28 28.72 0.6793 * 63.09 0.1609 0.102 0.1572
Fabaceae 559 71 "42.28 28.72 0.6793 * 63.09 0.1609 0.102 0.1572
Apocynaceae 235 41 " 18.5 22.5 1.2166 * 26.52 0.0032 * 0.1314 * 0.2282
Plants2023,12, 1145 12 of 143
Table 4.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T F P a Res R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Rubiaceae 254 40 "19.89 20.11 1.0109 * 28.67 0.0192 * 0.1179 0.2074
Cucurbitaceae 70 26 " 6.39 19.61 3.0715 * 7.9 0 * 0.2676 * 0.489
Malvaceae 221 37 "17.47 19.53 1.118 * 24.94 0.0096 * 0.1241 * 0.2223
Anacardiaceae 25 19 " 3.08 15.92 5.163 * 2.82 0 * 0.5635 * 0.8843
Sapotaceae 28 19 " 3.3 15.7 4.7522 * 3.16 0 * 0.4917 * 0.8206
Amaranthaceae 64 18 " 5.95 12.05 2.0275 * 7.22 0.0002 * 0.186 * 0.4019
Capparaceae 48 16 " 4.77 11.23 2.3535 * 5.42 0 * 0.2167 * 0.4754
Burseraceae 42 14 " 4.33 9.67 2.2327 * 4.74 0.0001 * 0.2101 * 0.4854
Celastraceae 37 13 " 3.96 9.04 2.2798 * 4.18 0.0001 * 0.2181 * 0.5135
Moraceae 55 14 " 5.28 8.72 1.6491 * 6.21 0.0026 * 0.1583 * 0.3837
Sapindaceae 36 11 " 3.89 7.11 1.8275 * 4.06 0.0015 * 0.1801 * 0.4698
Rhamnaceae 18 8 " 2.57 5.43 2.1139 * 2.03 0.0004 * 0.2445 * 0.665
Convolvulaceae 114 15 " 9.62 5.38 0.56 * 12.87 0.3042 0.0817 0.206
Ebenaceae 20 8 " 2.72 5.28 1.9456 * 2.26 0.0009 * 0.2182 * 0.6156
Boraginaceae 61 11 " 5.73 5.27 0.9213 * 6.88 0.078 0.1042 0.2953
Solanaceae 51 10 " 4.99 5.01 1.0035 * 5.76 0.0566 0.1106 0.3253
Rutaceae 28 8 " 3.3 4.7 1.422 * 3.16 0.0102 * 0.1528 * 0.4724
Cleomaceae 15 7 " 2.35 4.65 1.9801 * 1.69 0.0007 * 0.2465 * 0.7012
Annonaceae 30 8 " 3.45 4.55 1.3189 * 3.39 0.0157 * 0.1422 * 0.4461
Rosaceae 26 7 " 3.16 3.84 1.2178 * 2.93 0.0221 * 0.1375 * 0.4628
Loganiaceae 13 6 " 2.2 3.8 1.7247 * 1.47 0.0017 * 0.2304 * 0.7114
Zygophyllaceae 16 6 " 2.42 3.58 1.477 * 1.81 0.0061 * 0.1844 * 0.6167
Polygonaceae 20 6 " 2.72 3.28 1.2092 * 2.26 0.0197 * 0.1459 * 0.5218
Arecaceae 7 5 " 1.76 3.24 1.8382 * 0.79 0.0003 * 0.3491 * 0.9148
Verbenaceae 22 6 " 2.86 3.14 1.0959 * 2.48 0.0312 * 0.1321 * 0.4841
Vitaceae 55 8 " 5.28 2.72 0.5137 * 6.21 0.278 0.0762 0.2622
Salicaceae 18 5 " 2.57 2.43 0.9462 * 2.03 0.0446 * 0.1258 * 0.512
Lamiaceae 198 18 "15.78 2.22 0.1406 22.35 0.8635 0.0585 0.1392
Combretaceae 38 6 " 4.04 1.96 0.4862 4.29 0.254 0.0754 0.3053
Urticaceae 29 5 " 3.38 1.62 0.4808 3.27 0.2242 0.0771 0.3472
Menispermaceae 16 4 " 2.42 1.58 0.6513 * 1.81 0.0977 0.1031 0.499
Olacaceae 3 3 " 1.47 1.53 1.0435 * 0.34 0.0014 * 0.3976 * 0.9937
Opiliaceae 3 3 " 1.47 1.53 1.0435 * 0.34 0.0014 * 0.3976 * 0.9937
Oleaceae 17 4 " 2.5 1.5 0.6028 * 1.92 0.1168 0.0969 0.4764
Salvadoraceae 4 3 " 1.54 1.46 0.9462 * 0.45 0.0053 * 0.2836 * 0.9473
Myrtaceae 9 3 " 1.91 1.09 0.5719 * 1.02 0.0717 0.1216 * 0.6525
Phyllanthaceae 51 6 " 4.99 1.01 0.2021 5.76 0.522 0.0559 0.2344
Pedaliaceae 13 3 " 2.2 0.8 0.3623 1.47 0.1744 0.0839 0.508
Chrysobalanaceae 2 2 " 1.39 0.61 0.434 0.23 0.0127 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Nymphaeaceae 2 2 " 1.39 0.61 0.434 0.23 0.0127 * 0.2924 * 0.9916
Passioraceae 30 4 " 3.45 0.55 0.1595 3.39 0.4436 0.0545 0.2983
Clusiaceae 3 2 " 1.47 0.53 0.3623 0.34 0.0353 * 0.1941 * 0.9324
Talinaceae 4 2 " 1.54 0.46 0.2974 0.45 0.0654 0.1466 * 0.8534
Cannabaceae 6 2 " 1.69 0.31 0.1846 0.68 0.1404 0.099 0.7096
Moringaceae 6 2 " 1.69 0.31 0.1846 0.68 0.1404 0.099 0.7096
Zingiberaceae 8 2 " 1.84 0.16 0.0899 0.9 0.2259 0.0749 0.6001
Dioscoreaceae 9 2 " 1.91 0.09 0.0479 1.02 0.27 0.0667 0.5561
Hypoxidaceae 10 2 " 1.98 0.02 0.0091 1.13 0.314 0.0602 0.5178
Alismataceae 1 1 # 1.32 0.32 0.2432 0.11 0.1129 0.1581 * 0.9874
Aquifoliaceae 1 1 # 1.32 0.32 0.2432 0.11 0.1129 0.1581 * 0.9874
Kirkiaceae 1 1 # 1.32 0.32 0.2432 0.11 0.1129 0.1581 * 0.9874
Basellaceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Canellaceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Dilleniaceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Limeaceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Peraceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Plants2023,12, 1145 13 of 143
Table 4.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T F P a Res R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Pittosporaceae 2 1 # 1.39 0.39 0.283 0.23 0.213 0.0943 0.9057
Asphodelaceae 57 5 # 5.43 0.43 0.0795 6.43 0.7854 0.0389 0.1898
Didiereaceae 3 1 # 1.47 0.47 0.3188 0.34 0.3018 0.0676 0.8059
Icacinaceae 3 1 # 1.47 0.47 0.3188 0.34 0.3018 0.0676 0.8059
Pandanaceae 3 1 # 1.47 0.47 0.3188 0.34 0.3018 0.0676 0.8059
Primulaceae 17 2 # 2.5 0.5 0.1986 1.92 0.5871 0.0358 0.3471
Ochnaceae 18 2 # 2.57 0.57 0.2215 2.03 0.6189 0.0338 0.3314
Achariaceae 5 1 # 1.61 0.61 0.3808 0.56 0.4505 0.0433 0.6412
Aristolochiaceae 5 1 # 1.61 0.61 0.3808 0.56 0.4505 0.0433 0.6412
Putranjivaceae 5 1 # 1.61 0.61 0.3808 0.56 0.4505 0.0433 0.6412
Portulacaceae 19 2 # 2.64 0.64 0.2431 2.14 0.6489 0.0321 0.317
Bignoniaceae 6 1 # 1.69 0.69 0.4077 0.68 0.5125 0.0367 0.5787
Connaraceae 6 1 # 1.69 0.69 0.4077 0.68 0.5125 0.0367 0.5787
Oxalidaceae 6 1 # 1.69 0.69 0.4077 0.68 0.5125 0.0367 0.5787
Dichapetalaceae 9 1 # 1.91 0.91 0.476 1.02 0.6597 0.0252 0.445
Onagraceae 9 1 # 1.91 0.91 0.476 1.02 0.6597 0.0252 0.445
Aizoaceae 10 1 # 1.98 0.98 0.4954 1.13 0.6981 0.0228 0.4128
Malpighiaceae 10 1 # 1.98 0.98 0.4954 1.13 0.6981 0.0228 0.4128
Hypericaceae 12 1 # 2.13 1.13 0.5302 1.35 0.7624 0.0192 0.3603
Nyctaginaceae 12 1 # 2.13 1.13 0.5302 1.35 0.7624 0.0192 0.3603
Piperaceae 12 1 # 2.13 1.13 0.5302 1.35 0.7624 0.0192 0.3603
Araceae 26 2 # 3.16 1.16 0.3663 2.93 0.8086 0.0235 0.2429
Amaryllidaceae 14 1 # 2.28 1.28 0.5605 1.58 0.813 0.0166 0.3195
Lythraceae 28 2 # 3.3 1.3 0.3945 3.16 0.8405 0.0219 0.2277
Adoxaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Alismataceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Ancistrocladaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Aphloiaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Berberidaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Bixaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Burmanniaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Buxaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Cabombaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Cactaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Caricaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Casuarinaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Flagellariaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Francoaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Gunneraceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Hamamelidaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Lecythidaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Liliaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Lophiocarpaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Metteniusaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Monimiaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Montiaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Montiniaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Musaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Myristicaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Myrothamnaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Papaveraceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Penaeaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Petiveriaceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Zosteraceae 1 0 # 1.32 1.32 1 0.11 1 0.0126 0.8419
Geraniaceae 15 1 # 2.35 1.35 0.5743 1.69 0.8341 0.0155 0.3023
Balanophoraceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Ceratophyllaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Plants2023,12, 1145 14 of 143
Table 4.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T F P a Res R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Costaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Droseraceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Gisekiaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Goodeniaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Haloragaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Menyanthaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Phrymaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Phytolaccaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Picrodendraceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Pontederiaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Smilacaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Tamaricaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Typhaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Velloziaceae 2 0 # 1.39 1.39 1 0.23 1 0.0084 0.7076
Cornaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Gelsemiaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Lauraceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Myricaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Podostemaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Simaroubaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Vahliaceae 3 0 # 1.47 1.47 1 0.34 1 0.0063 0.6024
Hydrocharitaceae 17 1 # 2.5 1.5 0.5993 1.92 0.8694 0.0138 0.2729
Erythroxylaceae 4 0 # 1.54 1.54 1 0.45 1 0.0051 0.5218
Hernandiaceae 4 0 # 1.54 1.54 1 0.45 1 0.0051 0.5218
Resedaceae 4 0 # 1.54 1.54 1 0.45 1 0.0051 0.5218
Colchicaceae 5 0 # 1.61 1.61 1 0.56 1 0.0042 0.4593
Linaceae 5 0 # 1.61 1.61 1 0.56 1 0.0042 0.4593
Stilbaceae 5 0 # 1.61 1.61 1 0.56 1 0.0042 0.4593
Aponogetonaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Begoniaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Molluginaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Plumbaginaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Potamogetonaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Xyridaceae 6 0 # 1.69 1.69 1 0.68 1 0.0036 0.4096
Ericaceae 7 0 # 1.76 1.76 1 0.79 1 0.0032 0.3694
Eriocaulaceae 7 0 # 1.76 1.76 1 0.79 1 0.0032 0.3694
Juncaceae 7 0 # 1.76 1.76 1 0.79 1 0.0032 0.3694
Proteaceae 7 0 # 1.76 1.76 1 0.79 1 0.0032 0.3694
Caryophyllaceae 21 1 # 2.79 1.79 0.6415 2.37 0.9191 0.0112 0.2284
Asparagaceae 103 7 # 8.81 1.81 0.2053 11.63 0.9534 0.0338 0.1338
Gesneriaceae 8 0 # 1.84 1.84 1 0.9 1 0.0028 0.3363
Caprifoliaceae 9 0 # 1.91 1.91 1 1.02 1 0.0025 0.3085
Rhizophoraceae 9 0 # 1.91 1.91 1 1.02 1 0.0025 0.3085
Meliaceae 23 1 # 2.94 1.94 0.6594 2.6 0.9364 0.0103 0.2112
Santalaceae 23 1 # 2.94 1.94 0.6594 2.6 0.9364 0.0103 0.2112
Brassicaceae 38 2 # 4.04 2.04 0.5046 4.29 0.9384 0.0162 0.1732
Campanulaceae 38 2 # 4.04 2.04 0.5046 4.29 0.9384 0.0162 0.1732
Lentibulariaceae 11 0 # 2.06 2.06 1 1.24 1 0.0021 0.2646
Araliaceae 12 0 # 2.13 2.13 1 1.35 1 0.0019 0.2471
Violaceae 13 0 # 2.2 2.2 1 1.47 1 0.0018 0.2316
Thymelaeaceae 14 0 # 2.28 2.28 1 1.58 1 0.0017 0.218
Melastomataceae 15 0 # 2.35 2.35 1 1.69 1 0.0016 0.2059
Ranunculaceae 16 0 # 2.42 2.42 1 1.81 1 0.0015 0.1951
Commelinaceae 71 4 # 6.46 2.46 0.3807 8.01 0.9659 0.0229 0.1362
Scrophulariaceae 17 0 # 2.5 2.5 1 1.92 1 0.0014 0.1853
Polygalaceae 33 1 # 3.67 2.67 0.7275 3.72 0.9808 0.0072 0.1533
Crassulaceae 34 1 # 3.74 2.74 0.7329 3.84 0.983 0.007 0.1492
Balsaminaceae 21 0 # 2.79 2.79 1 2.37 1 0.0012 0.1544
Plants2023,12, 1145 15 of 143
Table 4.Cont.
Regression Analysis Binomial Analysis Bayesian Analysis
Family T F P a Res R-Value P
b p-Value inf. (0.1050) sup. (0.1212)
Loranthaceae 50 2 # 4.92 2.92 0.5933 5.64 0.9815 0.0123 0.1346
Iridaceae 23 0 # 2.94 2.94 1 2.6 1 0.0011 0.1425
Plantaginaceae 23 0 # 2.94 2.94 1 2.6 1 0.0011 0.1425
Apiaceae 41 1 # 4.26 3.26 0.7651 4.63 0.9926 0.0058 0.1257
Orobanchaceae 55 2 # 5.28 3.28 0.6216 6.21 0.989 0.0112 0.1231
Gentianaceae 28 0 # 3.3 3.3 1 3.16 1 0.0009 0.1194
Linderniaceae 28 0 # 3.3 3.3 1 3.16 1 0.0009 0.1194
Euphorbiaceae 217 13 #17.18 4.18 0.2431 24.49 0.9973 0.0356 0.0998
Acanthaceae 271 12 #21.14 9.14 0.4323 30.59 1 0.0257 0.0758
Cyperaceae 269 5 #20.99
15.99 0.7618 30.36 1 0.0082 0.0427
Asteraceae 398 13 #30.46
17.46 0.5732 44.92 1 0.0193 0.0551
Orchidaceae 240 0 #18.86
18.86 1 27.09 1 0.0001 0.0152
Poaceae 546 10 #41.32
31.32 0.758 61.63 1 0.0101 0.0334
2.5. Taxa Shared between Medicinal and Food Uses
Of the 21 orders recovered, only Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Ericales, Magnoliales,
Malvales, Rosales, and Sapindales were signicant outliers for both food and medicinal
categories. Fabales was shared between the two categories, although it was not a signif-
icant positive outlier food taxon. In total, 59 families were recovered, with 21 common
positive outliers, of which 14 (Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Capparaceae,
Celastraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Olacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae,
Salicaceae, Salvadoraceae, Sapindaceae) were signicant positive outliers.
3. Discussion
Malphigiales and Fabales, which contain Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae, respectively,
were recovered as positive medicinal outliers with signicant values. In South Africa,
Malphigiales was also recovered as a positive outlier, with Euphorbiaceae inuencing its
outlier status most [28]. Euphorbiaceae is an important medicinal taxon since its members
contain terpenoids and derivatives, aliphatics, and alkaloids as abundant compounds and
at least 1.7% of all major compounds [28]. In our study, Malphigiales comprised four
signicant positive outlier medicinal families (Salicaceae, Euphorbaceae, Hypericaceae,
and Phyllanthaceae), and all of them were recovered with positive regression residuals
in South Africa [28]. Three Sapindales families, i.e., Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, and Anac-
ardiaceae, which were signicant positive medicinal outliers, were also recovered with
positive residuals in South Africa [28]. Anacardiaceae comprise avonoids, aliphatics, and
terpenoids as the major compounds [28]. Rutaceae was also a signicant positive outlier
in our study, and previous studies support its importance in traditional medicine, e.g.,
alkaloid nitidine extracted fromZanthoxylum asiaticum(L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J. Wen
root bark has a high antimalarial activity and is the main chemical component in many
Rutaceae species [46]. Nitidine was rst isolated fromZanthoxylum zanthoxyloides(Lam.)
Zepern. & Timler, and received considerable attention as a potential anticancer drug after
it was discovered to be potent against leukemia in mice [47]. To date, over 400 secondary
metabolites have been discovered inZanthoxylumspecies, with alkaloids and terpenoids
being the major compounds [48]. InFagaropsis, 18 main phytocompounds are known,
and avonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids are among the compounds responsible for its
medicinal properties [49]. Isolation and characterization of 21 secondary metabolites from
Clausena anisata(Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. revealed that imperatorin had the highest
anti-bacterial activity. SomeC. anisataextracts such as murrayamine-A, gravelliferone, and
excavatin had activities against HeLa cells (LC50 = 1.143.26g/mL), with good selectivity
index values (SI 38.20231.58) and those compounds are not toxic to normal Vero cells
(LC50 = 69.15434.78g/mL), indicating their potential in the development of anticancer
Plants2023,12, 1145 16 of 143
drugs [50]. Related medicinal plants portray efcacy against human diseases due to in-
heritable similarities in the secondary metabolites [28], endorsing the idea of phylogenetic
based bioprospecting. Similar to this study, Malvales was recovered as a positive outlier
medicinal taxon in South Africa. Moreover, Rosales was recovered as a positive medicinal
outlier in our study, while Solanales, Asterales, and Gentianales were not recovered as
signicant positive outliers, unlike in South Africa [28]. Orders and families shared for
both food and medicine suggest possibility of generalist taxa. Moerman [19] also found
a substantial overlap between drug and food plants in North America. However, the
observed differences suggest that the two categories have independent applications.
Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Lamiaceae, which are among the largest
medicinal families in Kenya [14,51], were recovered as positive outliers, although Fabaceae
was not a signicant outlier, which agrees with another study in South Africa [34]. However,
Fabaceae is an important medicinal family in China and Nepal [34,52]. All the medicinal
families recovered as important in our study were also reported in Thailand [29]. This
relationship might be due to shared traditional knowledge between the two regions or
due to the presence of the same important lineages [52]. However, Euphorbiaceae, which
was a signicant positive outlier in our study, was not recovered as a signicant outlier in
South Africa [34]. This is expected because the two regions comprise different oras and
cultures. Each family may also have substantially different species compositions in different
regions [34], thus inuencing how its species are picked. Asteraceae, the second-largest
medicinal family in Kenya, was not recovered as a positive outlier by any of the three
models. Based on oral studies in Kenya [53,54], Asteraceae is abundant in the highlands,
where it is moist. Lowland plants, mostly found in arid areas, are perceived to have better
medicinal properties [41]. A previous study supported that the accumulation of chemical
compounds in plants is inuenced by edaphic factors [52]. Although water stress may play
an important role in increasing the quantities of secondary metabolites in many plants [55],
the scale of our study is not sufcient to address this perspective. However, Asteraceae
is an important medicinal family in North America and South Africa [27,28]. Rutaceae
had the highest R-value, which agrees with results obtained from Thailand, where it was
among the families with the highest R-values [29]. Some medicinal families recovered
here as positive medicinal outliers have been reported elsewhere in the world, e.g., Ru-
taceae, Lamiaceae, Araliaceae, and Cucurbitaceae in Daodi pharmacopeia in China [52];
Amaranthaceae in Ecuador [20]; Anacardiaceae in South Africa [28,34]; Malvaceae and
Solanaceae in Nepal, New Zealand, and South Africa [28,34]; Lamiaceae in Mexico, Nepal,
New Zealand, North America, Korea and Ecuador [19,20,33,34,36]; Fabaceae in Mexico,
Nepal, New Zealand, and South Africa [28,33,34]; Euphorbiaceae in Mexico, Nepal, and
SouthAfrica [28,33,34] ; and Rutaceae in Nepal [34]. Acanthaceae, Cactaceae and Juncaceae
were among the negative outlier medicinal families in North America [27], which agrees
with the results of our study. In Southern Belize and China, Cyperaceae and Orchidaceae
were also among the negative outlier medicinal families [35,52]. Orchidaceae is the largest
family globally, but most orchids are rare epiphytes and thus not easily accessible for
medicinal uses [35]. However, there are differences in the identication of important medic-
inal taxa globally. For example, in North America, Rosaceae was identied as a positive
outlier, while Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, and Fabaceae were identied as negative outliers
using regression residuals, contrary to our results [27]. This convergent uses of medicinal
families in different regions by unrelated cultures strongly indicates their efcacy and
further highlights their importance in different cultures suggesting the need to prioritize
them in bioscreening and conservation since they present a potential for the discovery of
new or overlooked medicinal species [28,34].
Since previous studies have largely focused on important medicinal taxa, Saslis
Lagoudakis et al. [34] recommended analyses of oras to identify other important taxa,
such as food plants. Here, 14 positive outlier food orders and 27 positive outlier food
families were recovered with signicant values. In North America, Rosaceae, Fabaceae and
Poaceae, which produce human foods, were avoided as medicinal sources, but Solanaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 17 of 143
was important in both uses since most of its members are important foods globally [19].
However, Fabaceae and Solanaceae were only recovered as positive outliers under the
regression model and thus were not signicantly used for food. Moerman [27] argued that
since grasses do not produce signicant quantities of secondary metabolites, they comprise
the majority of the food plants that humans and animals depend on in North America.
Though the two oras are different, our study does not support this perspective since
Poaceae was a negative outlier. Cyperaceae and Scrophulariaceae, which were among the
negative outlier food taxa, were also ranked among the least important food families in
North America using regression residuals [19]. Polygonaceae and Rosaceae were ranked
among the top food families in North America, while Rubiaceae and Malvaceae were
ranked among the least. Those four families were recovered as positive outliers by all three
models. Lamiaceae was only recovered as a positive outlier under the regression model,
but it was not signicantly used for food, unlike in North America, where most of the
aromatic plants were used for tisanes [19]. Unlike in North America, Apiaceae, Cactaceae,
and Liliaceae were not recovered as positive outliers in Kenya, while similar to North
America, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, and Campanulaceae are not important food families
in Kenya.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
Kenyan landmass covers an area of about 582,000 km
2
(Figure), with an altitude
raising from sea level through a series of plateaus to the highest point in Mount Kenya,
about 5200 m above sea level [56]. The low-lying areas receive low rainfall and are thus
hotter [57]. Kenya is divided into 7 oral regions [38]. The climate of Kenya is of tropical
monsoon, belonging to tropical savanna climate, where the annual temperatures are in the
range of 2226
C, while the annual minimum temperatures are in the range of 1014
C [58].
The highest temperatures are experienced in northwest and northern Kenya, where night
temperatures can be 29
C and the mean annual temperatures can reach above 34
C [56].
Rainfall patterns in Kenya vary according to different seasons throughout the year, where
most regions experience high rainfall from March to June, and October to December, with
the annual rainfall decreasing from 2000250 mm from southwest to northeast Kenya [58].
Habitat types in Kenya include wooded grasslands, bushlands, grasslands, semi-deserts,
afro-alpine, mangroves, inland wetlands, etc. [59,60]. There are 3 vegetation types in Kenya:
forest types, grasslands, and semi-arid grasslands [60]. Most of the area in Kenya is arid to
semi-arid, where the climax vegetation comprises bushland, wooded grassland and desert
scrub, while the transitional zones with higher rainfall comprise woodlands [44,56]. The
vegetation of many dry areas in Kenya is characterized by occasional baobab trees and low,
stunted, dense thorn bushes with thick undergrowth [57], consisting of scrublands and
woodlands [61]. The Kenyan coast comprises about 50% of forest-dependent plant species,
which are nationally threatened, making it the most important area for conservation despite
its small area [56]. Most of the arid areas in Kenya lack forests except on hills [57], where
species endemism is high [56,62]. Dry forests in Kenya consist ofDrypetesspp.,Combretum
spp.,Veprisspp.,Crotonspp.,Euphorbiaspp.,Dombeyaspp., andCommiphoraspp. [62,63].
In Kenya, most of the plants used locally for traditional medicine and food are ob-
tained from the forests, proving the signicance of biodiversity to the livelihoods of local
inhabitants [51,64]. Many forests in dry environments are affected by harsh conditions
and are thus deciduous, with low species diversity and a reduced canopy, and may have
low tree density under extreme droughts. Many forests have been depleted over the years
due to human activities; hence their species diversity is lower compared to the previous
decades [63]. This destruction may escalate in the future due to difcult climate manifesta-
tion in East Africa, where warming is likely to lead to dryness in some areas and higher
precipitation in others [65]. Based on these arguments, the utilization of forest resources
needs to be well documented, understood, and properly managed if future generations are
expected to benet from them. Kenya comprises 42+ tribes, and some groups are composed
Plants2023,12, 1145 18 of 143
of subtribes [45,66]. Those groups have renown traditional knowledge regarding the use
of plants [51,67,68]. Since over 80% of the Kenyan land mass is under arid and semiarid
conditions [44], the majority of the people live in arid areas, depending on livestock farm-
ing, and their lives may be constrained by frequent droughts [69], hence inuencing their
economic lifestyles; thus, some of them have commercialized useful plants [51,70].Plants 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 3
Figure 3. Map of Kenya (study area) (K1–K7 represents the seven floral regions of Kenya).
Figure 3.Map of Kenya (study area) (K1K7 represents the seven oral regions of Kenya).
4.2. Floral and Ethnobotanical Data Collection
An elaborate independent literature search in google scholar, web of science, semantic
scholar, science direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scientic Electronic Library Online, and Google
search was conducted to gather information on medicinal and food plants of Kenya. Key-
words like ethnobotany, useful plants, traditional knowledge, medicinal plants, and food
plants, combined with Kenya, were used to aid in the data search. Where possible, we
added studies cited by already retrieved studies if the reported ethnobotanical work was
carried out in Kenya. Since some ethnomedicinal materials collected data from both tra-
ditional healers/herbalists and non-specialists of traditional medicine, we merged all the
materials into 1 data set. Ethnomedicinal data were obtained from 74 articles [7,14,51,64,66
68,71137], 4 ethnobotanical reports [138141], 3 books [142144], and 11 dissertations
(includes MSc. and Ph.D.) [41,145154]. Data on food plants were obtained from 19 arti-
cles [1214,16,18,100,114,134,155166] and 2 books [142,167]. The materials obtained were
published between 1966 and 2021. We traced all the use reports to their original sources
to remove repeated publications. Retrieved studies were entered in Microsoft Excel and
Plants2023,12, 1145 19 of 143
screened manually to remove those with taxonomic errors. Where possible, we veried
all the scientic names to ensure that they existed in the oral regions where the studies
were carried out. Although our survey may not cover all the food and medicinal plant uses
in Kenya, it represents a reliable sample due to its extensive geographical coverage. Data
obtained were treated as a census rather than a sample of medicinal and food uses since it is
more useful in understanding human behaviors compared to analyses of sample sizes [30].
Data on the ora of Kenya were obtained from Zhou et al. [38], and updated according
to Plants of The World Online (https://powo.science.kew.org/
31 March 2021). Plant orders were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information
Facility (https://www.gbif.org/
species level and introduced species were removed during analyses. Infraspecic taxa were
merged with the parent species. Fifty orders, 188 families, and 5883 species represented
the total ora of Kenya. In total, 1298 medicinal plants (Appendix) and 664 food plants
(Appendix) were subjected to quantitative analysis.
4.3. Quantitative Methods
4.3.1. Regression Analysis
Regression analysis was carried out using Moerman's LINEST linear regression func-
tion approach in MS Excel 2016, according to Bennett and Husby [20]. The expected
numbers of medical and food species were recovered under the equation: y = bx + m; both
b and m were obtained using the LINEST function. Regression residuals were used to
analyze a simple plot of the number of medicinal and food species against the total number
of species in each category [29]. Since this approach violates the statistical assumptions of
homoscedasticity and normality when used for analyzing useful oras [20], we applied
the metric `relative regression residual (R)' [29]; where R is the relative difference between
the observed number of medicinal/food species (O) and predicted number (P) of medici-
nal/food species under the model (P): R = (O P)/P. We used the critical range of R-values
to lter random noise, which could result from data sets assembled from many sources,
and thereafter identied positive outliers as those with R > 0.5 [29].
4.3.2. Binomial Analysis
To test for the signicance of individual taxa departure from the expected number of
medicinal/food plants, we conducted a binomial analysis to obtainp-values for the positive
outliers using the BINOMDIST function in MS Excel 2016 [20]. To obtain the signicant
values, we calculated 2 probabilities:
(a)
to the expected;
(b)The probability that the number of medicinal and food species in each category is
equal to or more than the expected value.
The 95% interval probability that the number of medicinal/food species is higher than
expected was calculated asp= (1 + a) b [20].
4.3.3. Bayesian Analysis
We conducted a Bayesian analysis using BETA.INV function in MS Excel 2016 [37].
Here, we calculated the inferior (inf.) 95% probability credible intervals and the superior
(sup.) 95% probability credible intervals. Taxa with inferior 95% probability credible
intervals higher than the superior 95% probability credible intervals obtained for all species
were considered important (Bayesian inferior and superior 95% probability credible interval
values obtained for all categories analyzed are enclosed in brackets in the results).
5. Conclusions
Using linear regression, Binomial and Bayesian analyses, our results add information
to the literature regarding outstanding medicinal and food plant taxa in Kenya. By compar-
ing our results with those from other studies elsewhere in the world, we have contributed
Plants2023,12, 1145 20 of 143
towards the synthesis of taxa that might prove to be important candidates for future bio-
screening of useful chemical compounds. The comparison of outlier medicinal and food
taxa further highlights that some taxa are more important in Kenya than previously known.
In the future, we suggest a phylogenetic evaluation of orders and families identied as
important for medicinal uses to clearly understand the relationships between individual
taxa. We also suggest comparative analyses of plants used by different ethnic minorities in
Kenya and between different regions, especially in tropical Africa, to unravel the cultural
interrelationships in those regions.
Author Contributions:
Conceptualization, F.M.M., G.-W.H. and Q.-F.W.; methodology, F.M.M. and
M.P.; software, F.M.M. and M.P.; validation, F.M.M., E.M.M. and G.-W.H.; formal analysis, F.M.M.
and M.P.; investigation, F.M.M. and Y.M.M.; resources, G.-W.H.; data curation, F.M.M.; writing
original draft preparation, F.M.M. and M.P.; writingreview and editing, M.P., J.M.N. and P.C.R.;
visualization, F.M.M. and J.M.N.; supervision, G.-W.H. and Q.-F.W.; project administration, G.-
W.H.; funding acquisition, G.-W.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding:
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant num-
ber 31961143026, 31970211 and the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, grant number CAS SAJC202101.
Data Availability Statement:The data used to support the ndings of the manuscript is contained
in Appendices.
Conicts of Interest:The authors declare no conict of interest.
Appendix A
Checklist of medicinal plants of Kenya, introduced species are indicated in brackets
as `exotic.'
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Acanthaceae
Acanthus eminens
C.B.Clarke
Shrub
Leaf, whole
plant, roots
Chest/joint pains, fever, abdominal
cramps/pains, spleen/liver problems, alimentary
canal problems, hypertension, stomachache,
typhoid, amoebiasis, headache, heart-problem,
skin diseases, wounds, eye infections
[78,88,109,119,120,132,
141,143,152]
Acanthus polystachyus
Delile
Shrub
Leaf, root,
stem
Mental disturbance, acaricide, cough,
spleen/liver problems, fever
[98,120,133,144]
Anisotes ukambensis
Lindau
Shrub Bark Bleeding during pregnancy [74]
Asystasia mysorensis
(Roth) T.Anderson
Herb Leaf
Chira, false teeth, colds, headache, malaria,
ringworms, cough, skin diseases
[76,78,99,143]
Barleria acanthoides
Vahl
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Tonic, eye lotion [77]
Barleria delamerei
S.Moore
Herb
Whole plant,
roots, leaf
Polio, fever, tonic, eye lotion [72,77]
Barleria eranthemoides
R.Br. ex C.B.Clarke
Shrub
Leaf, root,
whole plant
Dyspepsia, vomiting, postpartum hemorrhage,
diaphragm, foreign objects pierced into the skin,
boils
[51,81,102,148]
Barleria grandicalyx
Lindau
Herb Leaf Snakebites [78]
Barleria quadrispina
Lindau
Shrub Roots Wasting sickness in goats, menstrual disorders [127,142]
Barleria ventricosa
Hochst. ex Nees
Herb Whole plant Rheumatism [106]
Plants2023,12, 1145 21 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Blepharis edulis
(Forssk.) Pers.
Herb Whole plant
Lung problems, malaria, hepatitis, TB, chest pain[72,77,92]
Blepharis
maderaspatensis(L.)
B.Heyne ex Roth
Herb Whole plant Sores [140]
Crabbea velutina
S.Moore
Herb
Root, leaf,
whole plant
Scabies, prophylaxis for baby ailments, enlarged
glands
[76,140,141]
Crossandra massaica
Mildbr.
Herb Leaf Snakebites (humans/cattle), syphilis [67,76]
Dicliptera laxata
C.B.Clarke
Herb
Roots, leaf,
aerial parts
Colorectal cancer, diarrhea, skin rashes, chest
pain, difcult breathing, wounds, mouth ulcers in
children, cough, eye/ear infection, boils,
snakebites
[117,119,122,144]
Duosperma
kilimandscharicum
(Lindau) Dayton
Shrub Leaf Cuts, sores, wounds [80]
Dyschoriste radicans
Nees
Herb leaf
Itchy skin, HIV/AIDs, fever, STIs, orchitis, skin
diseases, wounds, eye infections
[78,119,143,144]
Dyschoriste
thunbergiiora
(S.Moore) Lindau
Herb/
shrub
Leaf Skin diseases, wounds, eye infections [78]
Hygrophila auriculata
(Schumach.) Heine
Herb Whole plant Corneal ulcers [143]
Hypoestes aristata
(Vahl) Sol. ex Roem.
& Schult.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, stems
Wounds, stomachache, colds, malaria, liver
problems, stomach ulcers, nausea, joint/chest
pain, TB, chest complaints, pneumonia, sore
throat, cough, eye diseases, abdominal pains
[67,87,109,115,131,141,
152]
Hypoestes forskaolii
(Vahl) R.Br.
Herb
Root, bark,
leaves,
aerial parts
Stomachache, colds, malaria, liver problems,
stomach ulcers, nausea, pesticide
[91,104,132,152,168]
Justicia anagalloides
(Nees) T.Anderson
Herb Leaves Edema [144]
Justicia calyculata
Deers
Herb Aerial parts Snakebites [126]
Justicia exigua
S.Moore
Herb Whole plant Gastrointestinal problems [79]
Justicia ava(Forssk.)
Vahl
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Postnatal pains, eyes problems, cough, boils,
diarrhea, stomachache, vomiting, ulcers,
pneumonia
[67,78,122,125,132]
Justicia odora(Forssk.)
Lam.
Shrub
Aerial parts,
bark
Aphrodisiac [80]
Justicia striata
(Klotzsch) Bullock
Herb Leaves Skin sores/ulcers [141]
Lepidagathis scariosa
Nees
Herb Leaves
Diarrhea, wounds, edema, foot and mouth in
livestock, pneumonia
[78]
Monechma subsessile
(Oliv.) C.B.Clarke
Herb Roots Labor pains [144]
Nicoteba betonica(L.)
Lindau
Herb
Leaves,
owers,
roots, whole
plant, aerial
parts
Malaria, cough, breast/colorectal/skin cancer,
toothaches, diarrhea, stomachache, STIs, edema,
orchitis
[67,78,79,101,117,119,
122,143,144]
Plants2023,12, 1145 22 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ruellia patulaJacq. Herb Root Joint diseases [149]
Thunbergia alataBojer
ex Sims
Herb
Leaves,
buds
Joint dislocation (humans, livestock), boils,
toothache, body swellings, watery painful eyes,
wounds, internal injury, bone fractures, stomachache,
mouth ulcers, cellulitis, cough, suppurating ears,
diarrhea, skin diseases, goat/sheep diseases,
backache, hydrocele, joint pains, fungal diseases,
tongue thrush, fetus placement in the womb,
hardening of soft parts of the central part of the head
in babies, gall sickness in cattle
[78,86,120,122,125,141,
143,144,168]
Thunbergia fischeriEngl.Herb Whole plant Purgative [67]
Thunbergia holstii
Lindau
Shrub Leaves Malaria [138]
Achariaceae
Grandidiera boivinii
Jaub.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Common cold, tonsils, septic swelling, poison
antidote
[127]
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes asperaL.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
whole plant,
leaves
Skin diseases, wounds/cuts, teeth problems,
back/knee aches, conjunctivitis, malaria, venereal
diseases, septic swelling, urinary tract problems,
constipation, STIs, back/joint/bone problems,
arthritis, general body, stomachache, anthrax,
toothache, cough, excess menstrual discharge,
headache, gonorrhea, kidney problems, diabetes,
kidney pains
[41,51,76,78,84,89,90,92,
96,115,120,127,132,136,
138,143,144,147,149,152,
168]
Achyropsis fruticulosa
C.B.Clarke
Shrub Root Malaria [77]
Aerva javanica
(Burm.f.) Juss. ex
Schult.
Hern/
shrub
Roots,
owers
ECF in cattle, retained placenta [67,89,139]
Alternanthera pungens
Kunth (exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Toothache, mouth sores [106,122]
Alternanthera sessilis
(L.) R.Br. ex DC.
Herb Leaves Eye infections, wounds, skin diseases [119]
Amaranthus graecizans
L.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
AIDS, amoebiasis, cough, colds/u, diabetes,
energy boost, high blood pressure, immunity
booster, increase blood, poor digestion, boils,
rheumatism, anthelmintic, wounds, prevent
abortion, cancer
[41,78,81,147]
Amaranthus hybridus
L.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Colic pain in infants, mineral/vitamin deciency
in pregnancy, urinary tract infection, kidney and
stomach ailments, bilharzia, stomach acid,
anthelmintic in human/animals, measles, malaria
[84,88,96,111,147,153,
168]
Amaranthus spinosus
L.
Herb
Roots,
whole plant
Mouth infection, venom antidote, wounds, fever [76,132,144]
Amaranthus tricolorL.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves Ear diseases, skin disease [141,144]
Beta vulgarisL. (exotic) Herb Cancer [41]
Celosia anthelminthica
Asch.
Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic [143]
Celosia argenteaL. Herb
Leaves,
owers,
stems
Convalescents [67]
Plants2023,12, 1145 23 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Celosia
schweinfurthiana
Schinz (exotic)
Herb Whole plant Malaria, anthelmintic [124,143]
Celosia trigynaL. Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic [143]
Chenopodium albumL.
(exotic)
Herb Whole plant
Abdominal upsets in infants, blood detoxier in
pregnancy
[88]
Chenopodium
opulifoliumSchrad. ex
W.D.J.Koch & Ziz
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Diarrhea, fever in babies, cough, anaplasmosis in
cattle, roundworms in children, suppurating ears,
urinary disorders
[119,132,168]
Cyathula cylindrica
Moq.
Herb
Roots, bark,
leaves
Malaria, stomach problems, wounds, joint pains,
emetic, purgative, diarrhea, fungal infections
[67,78,104,109]
Cyathula polycephala
Baker
Herb
Roots,
leaves, bark,
whole plant
Dental problems, malaria, emetic, ulcers, breast
cancer, boils, urinary problems, diabetes,
vomiting, diarrhea, heart problems, stomachache,
anthelmintic
[41,67,84,104,115,138,
144,147,168]
Cyathula uncinulata
(Schrad.) Schinz
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Malaria, wounds, induce pregnancy, skin rashes,
abdominal pains, emetic
[99,141,144,152]
Digera muricata(L.)
Mart.
Herb Leaves Generally medicinal [91]
Dysphania
ambrosioides(L.)
Mosyakin &
Clemants
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Neck swelling in calves, wounds, anthelmintic,
boils
[67,115,132,140]
Gomphrena celosioides
Mart. (exotic)
Herb Roots Wound, burns [77]
Ouret lanata(L.)
Kuntze
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Sores eyes [67]
Psilotrichum elliotii
Baker
Shrub Whole plant Boils [147]
Psilotrichum
scleranthumThwaites
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, aphrodisiac, smoothening skin [127,150]
Pupalia lappacea(L.)
Juss.
Herb
Whole plant,
roots
Venereal diseases, induce salivation in babies [127]
Sericocomopsis
hildebrandtiiSchinz
Shrub Root
Malaria, stomachache, weight during pregnancy,
induce bile release from the gallbladder, hepatitis,
purgative
[77,92,97,105,136]
Sericocomopsis pallida
(S.Moore) Schinz
Shrub Root Malaria [72]
Amaryllidaceae
Allium ampeloprasum
L. (exotic)
Herb Leaves Colds, u, cleaning mouth, earache, cough [84,108,147]
Allium cepaL. (exotic) Herb Roots
Cough, u, headache, pneumonia, bloat (cows),
chest problem, digestive disorders, rheumatism,
wounds, colds (human/cattle)
[14,41,73,74,168]
Allium sativumL.
(exotic)
Herb Roots, fruits
Malaria, HIV/AIDs, toothache, diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, respiratory diseases, stomachache,
mosquito repellant, allergies, colds, runny nose
[14,83,85,98,108,129,137,
146]
Ammocharis tinneana
(Kotschy & Peyr.)
Milne-Redh. &
Schweick.
Herb
Root,
exudate
Snakebites, emetic [126,143]
Plants2023,12, 1145 24 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Crinum macowanii
Baker
Herb
Root,
exudate
Urinary tract infections, chest pains, boils,
snakebites, livestock diseases
[80,143]
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium
occidentaleL. (exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Toothache, child colic [150]
Lannea alata(Engl.)
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Burns, wounds, stomach problems [72,80]
Lannea fulva(Engl.)
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Gut disorders, diarrhea, chest pains, cough,
stomachache, antivenom, headache, astringent,
expectorant, colds
[91,99,116,132,141,142]
Lannea rivae(Chiov.)
Sacleux
Shrub/
tree
Bark
Ear problems, nose and throat problems, diarrhea[41,77]
Lannea schimperi
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Engl.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Aphrodisiac, gut problems, diarrhea, dysentery,
acaricide, prophylaxis for baby/children's
ailments, stomachache, chest problems
[41,78,116,133,140]
Lannea schweinfurthii
(Engl.) Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Malaria, venereal diseases, induce labor pains,
amoeba, stomachache, boils, skin rashes, cough,
colds/flu, STIs, urinary system infections,
pneumonia, gastrointestinal problems, pregnancy
anemia, vomiting, headache, waterborne diseases,
arthritis, increase blood, barrenness, boils, skin
diseases, toothache, heart problem, dermatological
problems, jaundice, anthrax, gynecological
problems, dysentery, infertility, teeth removal,
anti-acid, laxative, backache, gonorrhea
[14,41,51,75,76,79,81,100,
102,104,106,108,127,132,
138,142,143,145,148,150,
151]
Lannea triphylla
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Diarrhea, liver diseases, dysentery, rheumatism,
body swelling, malaria, colds, stomachache, chest
problems, nausea in pregnancy
[14,77,80,99,139]
Lannea welwitschii
(Hiern) Engl.
Tree
Diarrhea, hemorrhoids, infertility in women,
menstrual troubles, gonorrhea, epilepsy, skin
infections, ulcers
[110]
Mangifera indicaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Roots,
leaves, bark,
fruits
TB, malaise, allergies, amoebiasis,
back/joint/bone problems, burns, cough,
colds/u, diabetes, goiter, hypertension,
injuries/cuts, wounds, kwashiorkor, malaria,
pneumonia, rheumatism, typhoid, toothache,
ringworms, diarrhea, gonorrhea, stomachache,
ear infections, chest pains, toothache,
skin/throat/breast cancer, constipation, STIs,
diabetes, yellow fever, diarrhea, abdominal pains
[14,41,80,83,84,106,116
119,129,139,143,146,150,
168]
Ozoroa insignisDelile
Shrub/
tree
Bark, root,
stems,
leaves
Mumps, toothache, snakebites, complications in
menstruation, venereal diseases, diarrhea, clean
womb, liver problems, rib pain, tonic,
stomachache, kidney diseases, acaricide, retained
placenta in human/animals, constipation in
animals, gastrointestinal problems, enlarged
spleen, headache, cancer, vomiting, heart
problem, pregnancy pains, astringent,
dysmenorrhea, malaria
[67,77,79,86,87,91,99,105,
107,111,112,127,132,133,
140143,145]
Ozoroa obovata(Oliv.)
R.Fern. & A.Fern.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Menstrual disorders, venereal diseases,
stomachache, malaria, dizziness
[127,142,150]
Pistacia aethiopica
Kokwaro
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Allergies, cough, colds/u, dental problems,
diabetes, malaria, spleen pain and enlargement,
dizziness, liver problems, fever, pneumonia,
rheumatism
[41,84,140,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 25 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Schinus molleL.
(exotic)
Tree
Roots,
leaves, stems
Cough, colds/u, malaria, rheumatism, chicken
pox
[41,71,107,168]
Sclerocarya birrea
(A.Rich.) Hochst.
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits
Colds, u, edema of limbs, respiratory disorders,
joint pains, toothache, joint aches, backache, body
aches, malaria, stomachache, constipation,
dysentery, diarrhea, fever, ulcers, enlarged spleen,
heartburn, dysentery, liver problems,
rheumatism, diabetes, tick control, abdominal
pain, spleen diseases, STI's, cough
[14,41,64,72,90,91,99,100,
104,112,127,141143,147]
Searsia longipes(Engl.)
Moffett
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, roots
Amoeba, anthelmintic, backache, stomachache,
headache, inuenza, diarrhea
[14,99,147]
Searsia natalensis
(Bernh. ex C.Krauss)
F.A.Barkley
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, seeds,
roots, stems,
Abdominal pains, gonorrhea, anthelmintic in
human/livestock, malaria, tonic, respiratory
disorders, stomachic, endometritis, foot/mouth
disease, postpartum pain, stomach problems,
diarrhea, teeth cleaning, stomachache, bone pains,
premenstrual pains, madness, weak bone, joint
pains, abdominal pains, urinary tract infection,
convulsions, constipation, spinal cord problem,
liver and spleen diseases, peptic ulcers, invigorant,
helps in child delivery, back/bone joint problems,
cough, colds, flu, ear-nose-throat problems, lack of
appetite, low libido, back/joint/bone problems,
arthritis, wounds, dental diseases, livestock
weakness, giardia, headache, neck pain, fever, TB,
vomiting, eye lotion, stomach/skin/breast cancer,
influenza, back pain, anthrax, postpartum pains,
toothache, tonsillitis, boils, acaricide, abdominal
pain, heartburn, rashes, liver enlargement, asthma,
wounds, prophylaxis for diseases various diseases,
general body weakness, colic pain, pain in
pregnancy, strengthen bones, vitamin supplements,
bilharzia, afterbirth pains, indigestion, chest
problems, pneumonia, respiratory disorders,
abdominal pains, venereal diseases, sore feet,
purgative
[14,41,66,68,71,72,75
79,81,82,84,86,88,90,98
101,104109,112,113,115,
117,119,120,123,125,127,
132,133,135,136,138,140
144,148,152,154,168]
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis
Pers.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Eye problems, snakebites, stomach upsets,
acaricide stomachache, poison antidote, intestinal
pains, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, sores,
ulcers, boils, liver/spleen problems, headache,
dizziness, colds
[95,112,126,133,134,142
144,150]
Annona squamosaL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Nutrient supplement, ulcers, blood purier,
hypertension, reproductive disorders, dizziness
[110,150]
Asteranthe asterias
(S.Moore) Engl. &
Diels
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Sore throats, coughs, venereal diseases [127]
Huberantha
stuhlmannii(Engl.)
Chaowasku
Shrub Roots, bark Hypertension, typhoid, obesity [150]
Monanthotaxis
fornicata(Baill.)
Verdc.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
General body pains, prenatal care, menstruation
complications
[127]
Monanthotaxis
trichocarpa(Engl. &
Diels) Verdc.
Liana Leaves Headache [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 26 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Monanthotaxis
schweinfurthii(Engl.
& Diels) Verdc.
Liana Roots Malaria, rheumatism [41,129]
Monodora grandidieri
Baill.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Rectal problems, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac,
gastrointestinal gas, reproductive disorders
[127,134,150]
Uvaria acuminataOliv.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, snakebites, dysentery, cough,
stomach upsets, spleen problems, laxative,
gastrointestinal gas, aphrodisiac, rectal prolapse,
menstrual cramps, malaria, female reproductive
disorders
[75,100,127,142,145,150]
Uvaria faulkneraeVerdc.Liana Roots, leaves Convulsions [127]
Uvaria leptocladon
Oliv.
Shrub/
tree/liana
Root Diuretic, abortifacient [142]
Uvaria lucidaBojer ex
Benth.
Shrub/
liana
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, reproductive disorders, aphrodisiac[127,150]
Uvaria scheferiDiels
Tree/
liana
Bark, root
Malaria, joint/chest pains, cough/colds/u, lack
of appetite, painkiller, stomach disorders, debility,
pneumonia, swollen legs, stomach pain in
pregnancy, retained placenta
[41,77,84,91,96,99,129,
139,141,142]
Uvariodendron
anisatumVerdc.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Allergies, amoebiasis, arthritis, cough, colds, u,
diabetes, HIV/AIDs, infertility, injuries, cuts,
wounds, retained placenta in cows/human, low
libido, rheumatism, STIs, ulcers, scorpion/snake
bites, breast/prostate cancer, calf rejection,
erectile dysfunction/impotence, malaria, labor
pains, aphrodisiac
[14,41,84,146,168]
Uvariodendron kirkii
Verdc.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Convulsions, bloody diarrhea [127]
Xylopia parviora
Spruce
Tree Roots Aphrodisiac [150]
Apiaceae
Afroligusticum
aculeolatum(Engl.)
P.J.D.Winter
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Cancer, purgative, colds [129,141]
Alepidea peduncularis
Steud. ex A.Rich.
Herb Bark Chest problems, bronchitis [144]
Anthriscus sylvestris
(L.) Hoffm.
Herb Seeds Colds [67,89]
Centella asiatica(L.)
Urb.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, stems,
whole plant
Loss of memory, toothache, ear infections, boils,
mouth ulcers, infertility, measles, stomachache,
HIV/AIDs
[119,122,143,144,154]
Coriandrum sativumL.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves
Colds, u, digestive disorders, nausea, dysentery[84,168]
Daucus carotaL. Herb Roots Heartburns, stomach disorders [41]
Daucus incognitus
(C.Norman) Spalik,
Reduron & Banasiak
Herb Roots Pneumonia [120]
Diplolophium
africanumTurcz.
Herb Root Ailments in children/babies [140]
Ferula communisL. Herb Roots General sickness in babies/children [140]
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. (exotic)
Herb Colic, Vitamin A supplement [41]
Plants2023,12, 1145 27 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Heteromorpha trifoliata
(H.L.Wendl.) Eckl. &
Zeyh.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
levees
Stomachache, skin infections, measles, ulcers,
tonic, syphilis, poison, fever in children/babies,
cough, aphrodisiac
[67,99,109,120,140,142,
152,168]
Oenanthe palustris
(Chiov.) C.Norman
Herb Leaves Stomach complications, poisonous to livestock [109,168]
Oenanthe procumbens
(H.Wolff) C.Norman
Herb
Leaves,
seeds
Mouth infection in babies, cough [67,109]
Steganotaenia araliacea
Hochst.
Tree
Leaves,
bark, aerial
parts, roots,
stems
Skin, partial blindness, edema, dysentery,
diabetes mellitus, boils, protracted labor, retained
afterbirth, malaria, acaricide, emetic, fever,
pneumonia, spleen pain and enlargement,
swollen legs and body pains during pregnancy,
itchy eyes, sensitive eyes
[51,67,81,85,98,106,120,
129,133,139,140,142,147]
Torilis arvensis(Huds.)
Link
Herb Leaves Preventing miscarriage [77]
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera oppositifolia
(Lam.) Codd
Shrub/
tree
Bar, roots, fruits, leaves
Cancer, liver disease, poison [72,88,100,142,168]
Acokanthera schimperi
(A.DC.) Schweinf.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
stems,
leaves, bark
Blood pressure, HIV/AIDs, diarrhea, antivenom,
syphilis, poisonous, ectoparasites (ticks, eas,
mites), malaria
[68,78,88,89,91,105,107,
142,145,168]
Adenium obesum
(Forssk.) Roem. &
Schult.
shrub Bark, root
Stomach ailments, snakebites, poisonous,
ectoparasites
[68,72,77,127,134,142]
Buckollia volubilis
(Schltr.) Venter &
R.L.Verh.
Liana Bark Aid in child delivery, malaria [78]
Calotropis procera
(Aiton) W.T.Aiton
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
exudates,
fruits, stems
Determine unborn baby's sex, toothache, yellow
fever, anemia, malaria, camel cough, poisonous,
emetic, vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache, foreign
objects pierced into the body
[14,51,88,91,104,132,134,
141,142,147]
Carissa spinarumL. Shrub
Roots, fruits,
bark, leaves,
seeds
Abdominal pains, infertility in women, malaria,
gonorrhea, syphilis, nose bleeding, diarrhea, typhoid
fever, lactation, postpartum pain, pelvic pains,
backache, skin allergies, seizures, fever, herpes zoster
(shingles), amoebas, STIs, measles, joint pains,
afterbirth pains, cancer, chest problems, cleans
stomach, cough, colds/flu, energy boost, high blood
pressure, painkiller, pneumonia, medicine antidote,
rheumatism, TB, anthelmintic, chest pains, polio,
arthritis, chest pains, stomachache, asthma, allergy,
peptic ulcers, colic pain in infants, wounds,
hypertension, diabetes, menstrual pains, ingestion
and abdominal pains during pregnancy, bone pain,
toothache, dizziness, headache, theileriosis,
helminthiasis, salmonellosis, heart water, milk
letdown, prevent first and second trimester, abortion,
vomiting, infertility (sheep, goat), milk let down,
mastitis, miscarriage (cow), tonic, constipation, eye
infections, reduces body fat, dysentery, aphrodisiac,
abdominal pains, breast cancer, acaricide, general
malaise, appetizer, swelling and bruises, HIV/AIDs,
strengthen bones, bloat, heartburn, cathartic,
gynecological diseases, softens stool, digestion and
cough (cattle), muscle pain, epilepsy
[14,41,64,68,7174,76
79,8183,8691,93,97
99,101103,105
108,112,113,118120,123,
124,129,130,132,133,135
138,140143,146,147,150,
151,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 28 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Carissa tetramera
(Sacleux) Stapf
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions [127]
Cascabela thevetia(L.)
Lippold (exotic)
Tree
Fruit, leaf,
ower, bark,
roots, fruits
Wounds, skin rashes, cuts/burns, lung problems
in livestock, mosquito repellant, congested nose
in children, skin disease, ringworms, induce
sneezing
[74,76,87,106,108,143,
150]
Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G.Don (exotic)
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
whole plant,
roots
Throat/stomach/esophageal cancer, pneumonia,
chest pain, gastrointestinal problems, malaria
[79,104,117,122,124,143]
Cryptolepis oblongifolia
(Meisn.) Schltr.
Shrub Roots General body weakness [140]
Cynanchum
altiscandensK.Schum.
Shrub
Tuber, aerial
parts
Colds, stomachache, circumcision wounds,
increase milk letdown
[144,152]
Cynanchum ethiopicum
Liede & Khanum
Herb Roots Pneumonia [109]
Cynanchum insipidum
(E.Mey.) Liede &
Khanum
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Stomachache, abnormal vaginal secretion,
anaplasmosis,Chira, malaria, eye problem,
reproductive disorders, increase milk letdown in
animals
[68,76,127,144,150]
Cynanchum viminale
(L.) L.
Herb Roots, bark Syphilis, bone pain, body pains, cough [14,67,140]
Desmidorchis
retrospiciensEhrenb.
Herb Whole plant Infertility, chest problems, congestion/wheezing [88,91]
Desmidorchis speciosa
(N.E.Br.) Plowes
Herb Exudate Emetic [67]
Edithcolea grandis
N.E.Br.
Herb Exudates Ringworms [51]
Funtumia africana
(Benth.) Stapf
Tree
Leaves, barkBoils, dysentery, diarrhea [116]
Gomphocarpus
fruticosus(L.)
W.T.Aiton
Shrub
Seeds, roots,
whole plant,
exudate
Diarrhea, diabetes, fevers, abdominal pains,
wounds, toothache (never to swallowed), liver
diseases, kidney problems, chest pains, headache
[83,99,136,140,141,168]
Gomphocarpus integer
(N.E.Br.) Bullock
Herb Roots Amoeba [147]
Gomphocarpus
physocarpusE.Mey.
Shrub
Stems, fruits,
roots,
exudate,
leaves Stomach problems in women, toothache, aids calf
delivery in cows, u, congested nose
[67,76,109,152]
Gomphocarpus
semilunatusA.Rich.
Shrub
Leaves,
whole plant
Gum lesions, toothache, syphilis, gonorrhea,
gastroenteritis, malaria,nose infection, stomach
problem, headache, infertility, purgative
[104,115,122,131,143]
Kanahia laniora
(Forssk.) R.Br.
Shrub Epilepsy [142]
Landolphia buchananii
(Hallier f.) Stapf
Liana
Leaves,
roots
Back/joint ache, venereal diseases, malaria,
wounds, gonorrhea, molluscoid
[78,84,111,168]
Landolphia kirkiiDyer
ex Hook.f.
Shrub Roots Stomach ailments [127]
Leptadenia lanceolata
(Poir.) Goyder
Liana Leaves General medicine [91]
Marsdenia abyssinica
(Hochst.) Schltr.
Liana Bark, roots Diarrhea, heartburn, oral thrush [67,86,142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 29 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Marsdenia angolensis
N.E.Br.
Liana Root Anthelmintic, runny nose, poison [14]
Marsdenia rubicunda
(K.Schum.) N.E.Br.
Liana Roots Postnatal care, threatened miscarriage [127,141]
Marsdenia schimperi
Decne.
Liana Root Abdominal pain [141]
Mondia whitei
(Hook.f.) Skeels
Shrub
Roots, fruits,
owers,
stems,
Appetizer, fatigue, mineral deciency,
aphrodisiac, respiratory problems, allergies,
cough, colds/u, dental disorders, malaria,
rheumatism, stomach disorders, indigestion,
heartburn, kidney ailments, asthma, gonorrhea,
acaricide, anorexia, STIs, stimulant after giving
birth, aphrodisiac, infertility, stomachache
[14,41,66,99,105,107,110,
125,133,142144,146,168]
Nerium oleanderL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Leaves
Upper respiratory tract infections,
gastrointestinal complications, blocked nose,
chest pain
[68,122]
Orbea dummeri
(N.E.Br.) Bruyns
Herb Stems
Gastrointestinal ulcers, sores on lips/tongue,
baby stomach problems
[139,140]
Pachycarpus concolorE.
Mey.
Herb Roots Cattle sores caused by skin maggots [67]
Pergularia daemia
(Forssk.) Chiov.
Herb/
shrub
Exudate,
roots
Stomachache, rashes, dermatitis [67,132,141]
Periploca linearifolia
Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
stems,
exudate
Infertility, abdominal pains in pregnancy, ulcers,
malaria, stomachache, headache, backache,
diarrhea, colds, u, cough, chest problems, bad
smell of atulence, mouth inammation in
children, anthelmintic, retained placenta, fever,
joint pains, gonorrhea, teeth problems, spinal
cord problem, aphrodisiac, herpes zoster, oral
thrush, pneumonia, cancer, pre/postmenopausal
symptoms, lumbago in women, diabetes, syphilis,
pesticide, eye problems, amoeba, wounds, skin
sores/ulcers, typhoid, body strength, warts
[41,78,83,84,87,88,91,99,
103,104,107,109,120,128,
131,132,141,152,168]
Plumeria albaL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Bark, root,
leaves,
exudate
Removal of thorn, wounds (cow, goat, sheep,
human), STI's
[14,73,146]
Plumeria rubraL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Exudate Ringworms [122]
Rauvola caffraSond.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, fruit,
root
Allergies, amoebiasis, cough, colds/u,
pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach disorders,
respiratory disorders, body weakness, chest
diseases, bloat, ECF, anthelmintic, trachoma in
cattle, arthritis, skin care, toothache
[14,41,80,100,143,146,
147]
Rauvola manniiStapf
Shrub/
tree
Root, bark
Itching and pimples, arrow poison, malaria,
headache, toothache, general body weakness,
cough, arthralgia, anthelmintic in chicken
[14,145]
Rauvola mombasiana
Stapf
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots
Malaria, poison, venereal diseases, stomach pains,
skin conditions, swellings
[134,142]
Saba comorensis(Bojer
ex A.DC.) Pichon
Liana Roots, fruits Prenatal care, diabetes, enlarged prostate [41,91,127]
Schizozygia coffeoides
Baill.
Shrub Roots, bark Skin diseases [134,142]
Secamone punctulata
Decne.
Liana Roots
Fever, headache, chest pain, malaria, fever,
stomach problems, gonorrhea, prevent abortion
[77,136,139]
Plants2023,12, 1145 30 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Strophanthus kombe
Oliv.
Liana Poison [134]
Tabernaemontana
pachysiphonStapf
Tree
Root, bark,
stem, leaves
Malaria, anthelmintic, typhoid, amoeba,
pneumonia, livestock diseases
[74,145,147]
Tabernaemontana
stapanaBritten
Tree
Roots, bark,
fruits
Respiratory disorders, cancer, breast cancer,
headache, stomachache, cough, toothache,
wounds/cuts, cattle diseases (ECF, constipation),
pneumonia, chest problems, aids in delivery
[14,78,88,99,117]
Tabernaemontana
ventricosaHochst. ex
A.DC.
Shrub/
tree
Latex Amoeba, asthma, malaria, measles, wounds [41,142]
Tacazzea conferta
N.E.Br.
Liana Root Stimulate milk letdown (human/cattle) [142]
Vincetoxicum
fruticulosum(Decne.)
Decne.
Shrub/
liana
Root Tonic [99]
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex mitis(L.) Radlk.
Shrub/
tree
Bark Infertility, abdominal pains [141]
Araceae
Anchomanes
abbreviatusEngl.
Herb Roots Wounds, septic swellings [127]
Colocasia esculenta(L.)
Schott (exotic)
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Colds (human, cattle, sheep), sore throat, anxiety,
fast heart beat
[14,127,144]
Culcasia falcifoliaEngl.Herb Leaves Dry cough, ECF, edema, epilepsy [78]
Gonatopus boivinii
(Decne.) Engl.
Herb Roots Mumps [127]
Stylochaeton
salaamicusN.E.Br.
Herb Whole plant Induce salivation in babies [127]
Zamioculcas zamiifolia
(G.Lodd.) Engl.
Herb Whole plant Eardrops [127]
Araliaceae
Astropanax abyssinicus
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Seem.
Tree
Leaves,
exudate
Bronchitis, cough, pneumonia, aphrodisiac,
cleaning the womb
[131,147]
Astropanax volkensii
(Harms) Lowry,
G.M.Plunkett, Gostel
& Frodin
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, stem,
exudate
Chest pains, malaria, pneumonia, livestock
diseases, fever, kidney problems, colds, sore
throat, whooping cough, swollen bodies, cough,
inhaled to clear blocked nose, typhoid, TB, goiter,
rashes, allergies, headache, expectorant, liver
problems, skin diseases (goats/sheep)
[67,91,109,120,132,141,
142,152,168]
Cussonia arborea
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Tree Leaves
Stomachache, childbirth, veterinary uses,
constipation
[116,144]
Cussonia holstii
Harms ex Engl.
Tree Bark, roots
Abdominal pains, bones/joints problems, cough,
colds/u, kwashiorkor, malaria, rheumatism,
clear uterus after parturition, fever, alcoholic
tremors, stimulant, retained placenta, tonic,
ear-nose-mouth infection, irregular menstruation,
wounds (cows), backache, stomachache
[14,41,67,71,77,105,136,
138,142,147,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 31 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cussonia spicata
Thunb.
Tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
STI's, fever, spinal cord problem, teething,
abdominal upsets, stimulant, liver enlargement,
abdominal pains, diarrhea, splenomegaly,
painkiller, emetic, malaria
[77,88,109,132,141,145,
152]
Cussonia
zimmermanniiHarms
Tree Roots Kwashiorkor [127]
Polyscias fulva(Hiern)
Harms
Tree Bark Obesity [78]
Polyscias kikuyuensis
Summerh.
Tree
Leaves, bark
Joint pains, arthritis, rheumatism, wounds, skin
diseases
[41,88,109,168]
Arecaceae
Cocos nuciferaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Fruits,
leaves
Skin rash, asthma, kidney problems, wounds [108,150]
Hyphaene compressa
H.Wendl.
Tree Bark Anthelmintic [14]
Phoenix reclinataJacq. Tree
Root, leaves,
exudate
Stomachache, chest problems, stimulant [14,41,80,152]
Aristolochiaceae
Asarum canadenseL.
(exotic)
Herb
Cough, colds/u, mental ailments, pneumonia,
STI's
[41]
Aristolochia albida
Duch.
Herb Snake antidote, poison [134]
Asparagaceae Root, leaves, exudate
Agave sisalanaPerrine
(exotic)
Tree
Roots,
leaves,
exudates
Earache, burns, eye problems, injuries,
cuts/wounds, acaricide, gonorrhea, appetizer,
anthelmintic, retained placenta, mosquito
repellant, fed to livestock to increase milk
letdown
[14,41,64,84,106,120,133,
139,144,152]
Albuca abyssinicaJacq.Herb Roots Arthritis, sores [67,154]
Albuca bracteata
(Thunb.) J.C.Manning
& Goldblatt
Herb Roots
Bone injuries, wounds, cancer, colds,
constipation/bloat (cattle)
[14,67,91,152]
Albuca virens(Lindl.)
J.C.Manning &
Goldblatt
Herb Roots
Diabetes, back pains, tonsils, arthritis, poisonous
to livestock
[83,91,115,168]
Asparagus africanus
Lam.
Liana
Roots,
leaves
Boils, mental illness, wounds, venereal diseases,
cough, sore throat, skin infections, urinary tract
infections, arthritis, gonorrhea, parturition
[67,89,94,123,135,154]
Asparagus buchananii
Baker
Shrub/
liana
Leaves,
roots
Prevent second trimester abortion, pregnancy
edema
[81]
Asparagus falcatusL. Herb
Stems, roots,
leaves
Stomach ailments, constipation, convulsions,
teeth problem, rashes, rheumatoid arthritis
[127,132,138]
Asparagus agellaris
(Kunth) Baker
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, fruits
Boils, abscesses, stomachache, syphilis,
conjunctivitis
[94,99]
Asparagus racemosus
Willd.
Liana
Leaves,
roots
Arthritis, infertility in women, cancer, boils,
stomachache, gonorrhea, immuno-booster,
syphilis, malaria, labor, scrotum problems,
removing thorn, rheumatism, improve sexual
desire, indigestion, kidney diseases, abdominal
pains, bone setting, jaundice, venereal diseases,
HIV/AIDs, anthelmintic (cattle), retained
placenta, lower back pain
[14,84,87,99,104,109,120,
131,141,143,146,147,152,
168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 32 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Asparagus setaceus
(Kunth) Jessop
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Back pain in women, postpartum pain, STI's,
boils, toothache, abscess, diarrhea, sores, wounds,
medicine for cattle, rheumatoid arthritis
[14,113,115,119,138,147]
Chlorophytum
subpetiolatum(Baker)
Kativu
Herb Roots Reduce madness [99]
Dracaena afromontana
Mildbr.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, stems
Stomach problems, swollen spleen, chest pains [99,131]
Dracaena arborescens
(Cornu ex G²ræme &
Labroy) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Venereal diseases, snakebites [127]
Dracaena fragrans(L.)
Ker Gawl.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
labor pains, chase mosquitoes [144]
Dracaena frequens
(Chahin.) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb Roots Immune booster [14]
Dracaena parva
(N.E.Br.) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb
Leaves,
exudate
Snakebites, wounds [126,143]
Dracaena perrotii
(O.Warburg) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb
Exudates,
roots
Gonorrhea, rheumatism, arthritis, snakebites,
earache
[51,72,143]
Dracaena steudneri
Engl.
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Cancer, toothaches, rheumatism, anthelmintic,
skin cancer, diabetes, stomachache, measles,
diarrhea, veterinary medicine (goat), reduce
pains birth and prevent dizziness at childbirth
birth
[41,83,116,144,145,154]
Dracaena suffruticosa
(N.E.Br.) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb
Bark,
branches,
roots, stems
Gonorrhea [135]
Dracaena volkensii
(Gürke) Byng &
Christenh.
Herb
Exudates,
stems
Eye problems, STIs, snake repellant [91,92,95]
Drimia indica(Roxb.)
Jessop
Herb Root Ulcers, cancer [91]
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens hochstetteri
Warb.
Herb Roots Mouth infection in babies [109]
Impatiens sodeniiEngl.
& Warb.
Herb Roots Difcult births in women, joint pain, purgative [77,141,152]
Impatiens stuhlmannii
Warb.
Herb Fruits Fever, dizziness, vitamin C [144]
Impatiens tinctoria
A.Rich.
Herb Roots
Retained placenta, infertility, purgative,
abdominal pains, thrush in mouth
[120,131,141]
Basellaceae
Basella albaL. Herb
Leaves,
roots
Abdominal/colic pains, anemia, stomachache,
joint pains, burns, child delivery, retained
placenta, lumbago, blood cleanser, breathing
difculty, diarrhea, amoebiasis, irregular
menstruation, constipation, anthrax, bloat in
cattle, antidote, increases milk production,
stomach pain/constipation after birth
[14,78,84,87,88,109,115,
120,131,132,143,144,152,
168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 33 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Berberidaceae
Berberis holstiiEngl. Shrub
Stem, roots,
leaves, bark
Malaria, wounds, anthelmintic, stomachache,
pain relief
[99,104,107,132]
Bignoniaceae
Fernandoa magnica
Seem.
Tree Roots Chest medicine, female reproductive disorders [142,150]
Jacaranda mimosifolia
D.Don (exotic)
Tree Leaves STIs, acaricide [41,133]
Kigelia africana(Lam.)
Benth.
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits,
leaves,
seeds
Measles, liver diseases, edema, stomachache,
anemia, arthritis, asthma, cleans digestive system,
depression, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, STIs,
typhoid, abortifacient, headache, malaria, purify
blood, amoeba, anthelmintic (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig, human), dystocia (cow),
breast/uterine/skin cancer, gut problems,
gonorrhea, syphilis, kidney diseases, piles,
snakebite antidote, leprosy, rashes, pneumonia,
skin sores and ulcers, colds/u, sores/wounds,
promote conception and pregnancy, cholesterol
control, abdominal pains, infertility in women,
emaciation, skin diseases, ulcers, diabetes,
purgative, diarrhea
[14,41,72,73,76,78,79,84,
88,89,98,103105,108,110,
116,117,121,132,139,141,
143,144,146,147,168]
Markhamia lutea
(Benth.) K.Schum.
Tree
Leaves,
bark, root
Eye infection (cattle/human), toothache,
snakebites, arthritis, skin inammation, myalgia,
earache, malaria, cataract, amoeba,
back/joint/bone/chest problems, diarrhea,
family planning, injuries/cuts/wounds, measles,
pancreas problems, rheumatism, STIs, stomach
disorders, typhoid, arthritis, colorectal cancer,
stomachache, sore throat, u, stomachache,
measles, cardiac conditions, kidney ailments,
acaricide, ringworms, menstrual pains,
pneumonia
[14,41,66,76,87,101,116,
117,119,120,122,124,125,
133,143,147,154]
Markhamia zanzibarica
(Bojer ex DC.)
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Abdominal pain, bleeding and edema in
pregnancy, snakebites, bleeding during childbirth
[87,127]
Spathodea campanulata
P.Beauv.
Tree
Bark, leaves,
stems,
exudate
Liver disorders, headache, sore throat,
stomachache, malaria, chest, backache, STI's,
arthritis, tongue infections,
cervical/bone/breast/colorectal/skin cancer,
abortifacients, infertility, veterinary uses, rashes
in children that turn into wounds, appetizer,
cut/wounds/burns, chest pain, liver complaints,
livestock diseases (increase milk production,
bloat, cough, fever), sore throat, headache, colds
[66,78,101,116,117,119,
120,122,142,144,154]
Stereospermum
kunthianumCham.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark,
owers,
fruits
Cough, malaria, ulcers, venereal diseases,
wounds, acaricide
[66,133,144]
Boraginaceae
Bourreria nemoralis
(Gürke) Thulin
Shrub/
tree
Roots Stomach problems, kidney ailments, asthma [41,127]
Bourreria petiolaris
(Lam.) Thulin
Shrub/
tree
Roots Female reproductive disorders [150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 34 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cordia africanaLam. Tree
Bark, leaf,
fruit, aerial
parts
Vitamins, pneumonia, broken limbs, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cancer, eye problems,
family planning, heartburns, injuries/cuts,
wounds, livestock diseases, labor pains, stomach
disorders, typhoid, prevents abortion, malaria,
eye diseases pain (cow), general weakness (cow,
goat, sheep, pig), bone injuries, toothache, cough,
venereal diseases
[14,41,73,84,88,104,105,
119,120,144,146,147]
Cordia monoicaRoxb.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves, fruits
Backache, diarrhea, leprosy, mental illness, ocular
disorders, retained placenta, livestock diseases,
fever, joint/chest pains, stomach disorder,
malaria, vomiting, eye ache/infection, fractures,
gonorrhea
[67,71,77,80,89,99,105,
135,136,145,147]
Cordia sinensisLam.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
owers,
bark,
exudate
Eye problems, diarrhea, malaria, chest problems,
pneumonia, fractures, woman's stomach, fevers,
eye infection, stomachache
[67,68,72,77,95]
Cynoglossum
coeruleumHochst. ex
A.DC.
Herb Leaves
Back/joint/bone problems, skin rashes, ulcers,
chest pain, wounds, parturition (man, livestock),
sore throat
[41,115,122,144,168]
Echiochilon
lithospermoides
(S.Moore) I.M.Johnst.
Herb Whole plant Livestock medicine [77]
Ehretia bakeriBritten
Shrub/
tree
Bark
Gastrointestinal complications, upper respiratory
tract infections, malaria, muscle ache, toothache
[68,145]
Ehretia cymosaThonn.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark,
aerial parts
Abdominal ulcers, livestock diseases, malaria,
rheumatism, anaplasmosis (cow, ruminant),
diarrhea/dysentery (human, cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), boils, stomachache, chest pain, boils,
aphrodisiac, typhoid, muscle ache, toothache,
impotency, wounds, pain killer, cough, colds,
vomiting, venereal diseases, pneumonia, epilepsy,
ECF, tonsils, mental problems, asthma
[14,41,73,78,84,88,91,116,
122,141,144,145,147,168]
Euploca rariora
(Stocks) Diane &
Hilger (exotic)
Herb Root Joint diseases [149]
Heliotropium steudneri
Vatke
Herb Leaves Fleas, arrow poison wounds [72,147]
Heliotropium
zeylanicum(Burm.f.)
Lam.
Herb Roots Boils, abscesses, [94]
Symphytum ofcinale
L. (exotic)
Herb Roots
Wounds, joints/bones, problems, inamed
muscles, ulcers, boils, dry cough
[168]
Trichodesma
zeylanicum(Burm.f.)
R.Br.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Snakebites, TB, ulcers, stomachache, colds/u,
wounds
[84,99,148]
Brassicaceae
Brassica oleraceaL.
(exotic)
Herb Heartburns [41]
Cardamine obliqua
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb Scurvy Scurvy [147]
Lepidium bonarienseL.
(exotic)
Herb
Stems,
leaves
Cleaning stomach after childbirth [77]
Plants2023,12, 1145 35 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Lepidium sativumL.
(exotic)
Herb Seeds
Bone/joint pains, fever, respiratory diseases,
stomachache
[137]
Nasturtium ofcinale
W.T.Aiton (exotic)
Herb Leaves
Peptic ulcers, anemia, allergies, blood cleanser,
respiratory diseases, cough
[88,168]
Spinacia oleraceaL.
(exotic)
Herb Pneumonia [41]
Burseraceae
Boswellia neglecta
S.Moore
Shrub/
tree
Bark, resin
Chest, headache, ribs, diarrhea, stomach
disorders, swollen legs and stomach pain in
pregnant women
[72,77,100,139]
Commiphora africana
(A.Rich.) Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, bark,
roots,
exudates
Abdominal pains, renal diseases, wounds, skin
moisturizer, jiggers, eye problem, convulsions,
venereal diseases, boils, skin rashes, edema,
ulcers, swollen testicles, snakebite, typhoid,
diarrhea, stomach problems, malaria, pneumonia,
brucellosis, back/pain/joint pain, dysmenorrhea,
burns, gum diseases, cough, gynecological
problems
[71,72,77,79,84,87,89,92,
96,98,104,105,107,108,127,
138,141,143,148,150]
Commiphora baluensis
Engl.
Tree Bark, roots
Stomach disorders, body swellings, typhoid,
malaria, diarrhea (human, poultry), swollen
diaphragm
[51,77,100,139,145]
Commiphora edulis
(Klotzsch) Engl.
Shrub Bark, leaves
Convulsions, diarrhea, sore throat, pregnancy
stomach pains, retained placenta, tapeworms,
cough, chest pains
[51,100,127,139]
Commiphora eminii
Engl.
Tree
Roots,
leaves,
branches,
bark
After-birth pains, constipation, hard stool,
rheumatism, STIs, stomach disorders, malaria,
stomachache, skin rushes, colds, pneumonia,
anthrax, constipation, acidity, muscle pains,
stomach crumps, measles, cough (cow, goat,
sheep, poultry, pig, ruminants, human),
anaplasmosis (cow, ruminants), helminthiasis
(cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
diarrhea/dysentery (cow, poultry, goat, sheep,
pig), pleuritis, bloat, cuts/wounds
[14,41,133,146,147]
Commiphora kataf
(Forssk.) Engl.
Tree Fruits Toothache [64,77]
Commiphora kua(R.Br.
ex Royle) Vollesen
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
exudate
Body swelling, prenatal care, wounds,
ringworms, toothache, acaricide (goats, cattle)
[51,94,100,127]
Commiphora
oddurensisChiov.
Shrub Bark Abdominal pains [139]
Commiphora ovalifolia
J.B.Gillett
Shrub/
tree
Bark,
exudate
Cellulitis, scabies [80,94]
Commiphora rostrata
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
twigs
Mild chest pains, cough [80]
Commiphora schimperi
(O.Berg) Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Root, bark,
leaves,
exudate
Malaria, constipation, wounds [97,100,111]
Commiphora
swynnertoniiBurtt
Shrub/
tree
Stems,
leaves
Gonorrhea [105,107]
Buxaceae
Buxus obtusifolia
(Mildbr.) Hutch.
Shrub/
tree
Root Chest complaints [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 36 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cactaceae
Opuntia cus-indica
(L.) Mill. (exotic)
Shrub Fruits Boils [147]
Rhipsalis baccifera
(J.S.Muell.) Stearn
shrub
Roots,
branches
Gonorrhea [99]
Campanulaceae
Lobelia fervensThunb. Herb Whole plant Body swellings [134]
Lobelia giberroa
Hemsl.
Shrub
Stems, roots,
leaves
Urinary tract infections, joint aches, malaria, ECF[77,145,147]
Lobelia holstiiEngl. Herb Roots Cough, stomachache [99]
Canellaceae
Warburgia stuhlmannii
Engl.
Tree Bark, leaves
Toothache, rheumatism, ease pains, joint pains,
cough, malaria, chest pain, heart pain,
antioxidant, veterinary medicine
[134,142,150]
Warburgia ugandensis
Sprague
Tree
Bark, stems,
leaves, roots,
seeds, fruits
Eye problems, stomachache, internal wounds,
bloat, malaria, cough, appetizer, chest and lungs
problems, diarrhea, respiratory problems, back
pain in women, cleansing uterus, colds/u,
healing after delivery, chicken pox, stinking feet,
gonorrhea, pneumonia, skin problems, livestock
diseases, anthelmintic, headache, allergies,
toothache, amoebiasis, asthma, back/bone/joints
problems, diabetes, energy boost, general body
pains, high blood pressure, meat appetizer,
prostate cancer, rheumatism, STIs, swellings, TB,
typhoid, ulcers, abdominal disorders, arthritis,
constipation, general body weakness, fever,
muscular pains, internal wounds, bacterial
infections, heart water, ectoparasites, black
quarter, emetic, trypanosomiasis, ECF,
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
pneumonia (cow, goat, sheep, poultry), general
weakness/dullness (cow, goat, sheep, poultry,
pig), sore throat, skin diseases, oral thrush,
gastrointestinal problems, blood/mucus in stool,
afterbirth stomach pains, prophylaxis for children
diseases, cough (cattle), anodyne, expectorant,
erectile, dysfunction/impotence, abdominal
disorders, heart problems, gout, purgative,
tonsils, uvala problems
[14,41,64,67,68,7174,77
79,82,84,86,8892,95,98,
99,101,104,105,107,109,
110,116,119,120,123,129,
132,135,136,138,140
144,146,147,152,153,168]
Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativaL.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
owers,
seeds
Wounds, diarrhea/dysentery (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), pneumonia (poultry), Newcastle
disease (poultry), stimulant
[73,144,146]
Celtis africanaBurm.f. Tree
Roots, stems
Bone problems, livestock diseases, antipruritic,
stomachache
[14,152]
Celtis gomphophylla
Baker
Tree
Roots,
leaves, roots
Backache, general body illness, infertility,
anthelmintic, STIs
[66,116]
Celtis philippensis
Blanco
Shrub/
tree
Roots Diarrhea [142]
Chaetachme aristata
Planch.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Malaria, strength, skin, boils, infertility [77,116,120]
Plants2023,12, 1145 37 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Trema orientale(L.)
Blume
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Afterbirth pains, bacterial infections, chest
problems, cough, colds/u, stomach disorders,
anthelmintic, yellow fever, insect repellant,
constipation
[41,144,148,168]
Capparaceae
Boscia coriaceaGraells
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, fruits,
seeds
Dental problems, detoxier, eye problems, meat
appetite, pneumonia, prostate cancer, tonsillitis,
stomachache, eas/mites, gonorrhea, malaria,
burns, hepatitis, livestock diseases, obesity, food
poisoning, abdominal pains, partial
blindness/eye injuries in cattle, anthelmintic and
diarrhea (human, goats, cattle)
[14,41,51,64,67,72,77,80,
91,100,132,139]
Boscia integrifolia
J.St.-Hil.
Tree
Stems,
leaves, bark
Diarrhea, gonorrhea, cattle fever, gynecological
disorders, malaria, retained afterbirth, prevent
rst trimester abortion, vomiting, hepatitis,
diarrhea, joint pains, swelling/bruises due to
thorns
[71,72,77,81,89,97,103,
104]
Boscia salicifoliaOliv. Tree Bark, leaves Backache, chronic joint pains [130,142]
Cadaba farinosa
Forssk.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, roots,
stems,
leaves
Emetic, pregnancy anemia, STIs, colds, fever,
snakebites
[72,100,134,135,142]
Cadaba glandulosa
Forssk.
Shrub Root Purgative [142]
Capparis cartilaginea
Decne.
Shrub
Root, bark,
leaves
Eye lotion, heartburn, peptic ulcers, skin
sores/ulcers, abdominal pains,swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, retained placenta
[67,91,139,141]
Capparis fascicularis
DC.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Venereal diseases, diarrhea, stomachache, colds,
poisonous, wounds, burns, anthelmintic, false
teeth, gastrointestinal problems, stomach pains
[67,72,76,79,108,127,142,
143]
Capparis sepiariaL. Liana
Roots,
leaves
Poisonous, colds, emetic, purgative, chest pains,
wounds, malaria, menstrual cramps
[74,142,150]
Capparis tomentosa
Lam.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Respiratory problems, determine unborn baby's
sex, poisonous to camels, emetic/purgative,
cough, colds/u, back/bone joint problems,
prostate cancer, wounds, burns, muscle ailment,
painkiller, female infertility, menstrual problems
[41,77,88,105,136,142,
145,150]
Capparis vimineaOliv. Liana Roots
Venereal diseases, infertility, septic swelling,
poisonous
[127,142,168]
Crateva adansoniiDC. Shrub/tree Amoebiasis [132]
Crateva kirkii(Oliv.)
Christenh. & Byng
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Wounds [142]
Maerua angolensisDC.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
fruits
Toothache, colds, poison, wounds [134,136]
Maerua crassifolia
Forssk.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Wound, stomachache [132,142]
Maerua denhardtiorum
Gilg
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Eye infection [77]
Maerua edulis(Gilg &
Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf
Shrub Roots, bark
Sore joints, stimulant, amoeba, diabetes, stomach
problems, eye problems, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy
[67,86,100,139,142,143]
Maerua endlichiiGilg
& Gilg-Ben.
Shrub
Stems, roots,
leaves
Swollen/bruised skin, purgative, wounds,
snakebites/spits, swollen diaphragm
[14,51,77,80]
Plants2023,12, 1145 38 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Maerua kirkii(Oliv.)
F.White
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Constipation and stomach disorders, wounds,
sore throat
[80,100]
Maerua subcordata
(Gilg) DeWolf
Tree
Roots,
leaves
Colic pain, anorexia, blood cleanser, pneumonia,
mites, bone/joint pains, gland complications,
stomachache, toothache, women's health, malaria
[14,80,88,137]
Maerua triphyllaA.
Rich.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots,
shoots,
Wounds, aphrodisiac, headache, tonic, STIs,
gonorrhea, backache, toothache, chest congestion,
skin disorders, burns, boils, eye lotion, diarrhea,
aphrodisiac, bone pain, pain in pregnancy,
vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, eye problems,
rheumatism, venereal diseases, cuts, sores,
rheumatoid, arthritis, mouth blisters
[72,76,77,88,90,99,113,
136,138,140,143,152,168]
Caricaceae
Carica papayaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Roots,
leaves,
stems, bark,
exudate
STIs, malaria, gonorrhea, pneumonia, afterbirth
pains, allergies, asthma, back/joint/bone
problems, body weakness, chest problems,
constipation, cough, colds/u, dental problems,
diarrhea, heartburn, injuries/cuts, wounds,
chicken diseases, retained placenta, prostrate
problems, rheumatism, skin diseases,
anthelmintic, stomach disorders, typhoid,
toothache, ulcers, syphilis, lung ailment, amoeba,
respiratory, pneumonia,
miscarriage,cervical/colorectal/breast, skin
problems, ringworms, bronchitis, venereal
diseases, gastrointestinal problems, diuretic,
cattle cough, induce labor
[14,41,74,84,96,98,106
108,113,116,117,119,139,
143,146,150]
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria cordata(L.)
Willd. ex Schult.
Herb Aerial parts Fever [144]
Pollichia campestris
Aiton
Herb Roots Malaria, emetic [67]
Stellaria media(L.)
Vill.
Herb Leaves Heartburn, cough, sore throat, skin diseases [168]
Celastraceae
Catha edulis(Vahl)
Endl.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves,
aerial parts
Skin diseases, TB, cough, colds/u, dental
problems, diarrhea, livestock u, rheumatism,
fatigue, toothache, gonorrhea, stimulant, gum,
acidity, pneumonia, malaria, STI's
[14,41,67,72,74,77,104,
106,120,146,147,168]
Elaeodendron
buchananii(Loes.)
Loes.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Cuts, wounds, syphilis, respiratory disorders,
diarrhea, urinary tract problems, malaria,
stomach problems, sores, earache, poisonous to
livestock and human, kidney problems
[89,104,105,123,138,142,
168]
Gymnosporia
arbutifolia(Hochst. ex
A.Rich.) Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Fruit, leaf,
stems, bark,
root
Malaria, wound, acaricide, cough, tuberculosis,
general body itching
[103,119,133,140]
Gymnosporia
buchananiiLoes.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots Stomachache, cancer [99,145]
Gymnosporia
heterophylla(Eckl. &
Zeyh.) Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves,
roots, fruits,
stems
Headache, diabetes, gonorrhea, malaria, wounds,
infertility in women, eye inammation, prenatal
care, venereal diseases, liver problems, breathing
problems, STIs, gut problems, syphilis, boils,
acaricide, chest pain
[71,77,99,103,104,116,
120,127,133,135,136,143,
144,152]
Plants2023,12, 1145 39 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Gymnosporia
mossambicensis
(Klotzsch) Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Prenatal care [127]
Gymnosporia obscura
(A.Rich.) Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Arthritis, cancer of breast and prostate glands [84,154]
Gymnosporia
putterlickioidesLoes.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Joint pains, diarrhea, toothache, ear infections,
malaria, tonic, stomachache, abdominal pains
[77,80,96,104,129,138,
139]
Gymnosporia
senegalensis(Lam.)
Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
aerial parts,
leaves,
stems, fruits
Malaria, gynecological conditions, lumbago,
blood cleanser, amoebiasis, back/joint/bone
problems, constipation, cough, colds/u, fever,
indigestion, malaria, stomach disorders, mild
stimulant, TB, stomachache, toothache, boils,
arthritis, body aches, stomachache, acaricide,
poison, pregnancy pain, good health of fetus,
anthrax, wounds, sores, respiratory system, chest
complaints, diarrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal
diseases, menstrual pain, eye infections, nausea,
severe headache, aphrodisiac, kidney problems
[14,41,64,68,72,76,79,80,
84,88,105,107,124,128,129,
133,140,142,144,146,147,
168]
Loeseneriella africana
(Willd.) R.Wilczek
Liana
Roots,
leaves
Gastrointestinal pains, diarrhea,
colorectal/skin/breast cancer, aphrodisiac, male
impotency
[117,127,168]
Maytenus acuminata
(L.f.) Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Tonic, stronger bones [142,168]
Maytenus undata
(Thunb.) Blakelock
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
stems,
leaves
Diarrhea, antiseptic, wounds, teething, diarrhea,
false teeth, tonic, malaria, stomach disorders,
laxative, general body wellness
[14,67,77,100,103,109,
127,142,152]
Mystroxylon
aethiopicum (Thunb.)
Loes.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves,
roots, seeds
Pneumonia, colic pain in children, stomach
disorder, antiseptic, colic pain
[67,77,89,107,135]
Chrysobalanaceae
Parinari curatellifolia
Planch. ex Benth.
Tree Bark
Bleedings, diarrhea, injuries, cuts, wounds,
malaria
[41,104]
Cleomaceae
Cleome gynandraL. Herb
Roots,
leaves,
stems,
whole plant
Stomachache, colic pain in infants, ear infection,
blood cleanser, diarrhea, leprosy, acaricide,
typhoid, stomach problems, conjunctivitis, thread
worms, stomach congestion, facilitate birth,
epileptic ts, malaria, retained afterbirth
[66,76,78,79,88,91,108,
120,132,133,144,147]
Cleome strigosa(Bojer)
Oliv.
Herb Leaves Earache [134]
Cleome usambaricaPaxHerb Roots Eye problems, tonic [136]
Clusiaceae
Garcinia buchananii
Baker
Tree
Twig, bark,
root, fruit
Stomach problems, diabetes mellitus, chest pain,
asthma, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort,
respiratory symptoms in livestock, acaricide
[82,85,131,133]
Garcinia livingstonei
T.Anderson
Tree Bark, roots
Childbirth pains, stomach disorder, tonic,
typhoid, stomachache, teeth problems, liver pain
and enlargement
[67,77,132,140]
Colchicaceae
Gloriosa superbaL. Herb
Whole plant,
roots,
exudate
Abortifacient, poison, abdominal pains, wounds [89,134,141,143,144,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 40 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Combretaceae
Combretum aculeatum
Vent.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Stomachache, constipation, wounds, sores,
malaria, gonorrhea, back pains, hepatitis,
dysentery, hiccup, retained placenta, abdominal
pains
[14,72,77,80,139]
Combretum apiculatum
Sond.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Stomach pains, eye infections, hypertension,
female infertility, gonorrhea, skin diseases,
bloody urine, scorpion bite, diarrhea, snakebites,
cancer, ear problems
[14,80,86,91,99,119]
Combretum collinum
Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Root, bark,
leaves,
exudate
Infertility in women, snakebites, amoebiasis,
back/bone joints problems, cough, colds/u,
diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia, stomach disorders,
TB, typhoid, acaricide, gastrointestinal problems,
dysentery
[41,79,87,126,133,143]
Combretum exalatum
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Swollen legs and body pains during pregnancy [139]
Combretum hereroense
Schinz
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Chest pains, tuberculosis, cough [51,127]
Combretum illairii
Engl.
Shrub/
liana
Leaves,
bark, roots
Venereal diseases, cough, colds, malaria, female
infertility
[75,127,150]
Combretum molleR.Br.
ex G.Don
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, roots,
stems,
branches
STI's, backache, respiratory problems, kidney
problems, back/joint problems, cough, colds/u,
diarrhea, general body pains, malaria, medicine
antidote, typhoid, warts, liver disease, sore throat,
rib pain, stomachache, boils, gonorrhea,
snakebites, acaricide, gastrointestinal problems,
colic pain, typhoid, abortion, leprosy, fever, pain,
hookworm, bone fractures, abdominal pain,
constipation, anthelmintic, dysentery, headache,
HIV infections
[76,77,79,80,84,90,105,
107,116,118,119,133,135,
138,140,145,168]
Combretum
mossambicense
(Klotzsch) Engl.
Shrub Exudate Earache [80]
Combretum padoides
Engl. & Diels
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Bloody diarrhea, wounds, conjunctivitis, malaria [75,111]
Combretum
paniculatumVent.
Shrub/
liana
Roots, seeds
Poisonous, STIs, joint ailments, stomachache,
birth pains, fever
[142,144]
Combretum
pentagonum
M.A.Lawson
Liana Leaves Headache [142]
Combretum
schumanniiEngl.
Shrub/
liana
Bark Reproductive disorder, body swellings [150]
Combretum zeyheri
Sond.
Tree Stomach disorders [41]
Plants2023,12, 1145 41 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Terminalia brownii
Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Skin disorders emetic, fevers, colds, cholera, u,
cough, eye problems, malaria, jaundice,
amoebiasis, back/bone problems, diabetes,
family planning, inammations, injuries,
cuts/wounds, livestock diseases, pneumonia,
rheumatism, stomach disorders, STIs, yellow
fever, ulcers, clotting agent (human, cattle), joint
stiffness/pains, excessive bleeding after birth,
sterilize dogs, induce abortion, syphilis,
gonorrhea, heartburn, jaundice, arthritis,
trypanosomiasis, prevent second trimester
abortion, pregnancy edema, pregnancy anemia,
allergy, kidney, family planning, abdominal/colic
pains, cancer, blindness, typhoid, stomachache,
teeth problems, waterborne diseases, asthma,
urinary tract infection, dysmenorrhea, debility,
abdominal pains, allergy, abortion, ringworm,
anthelmintic in (human, animals), toothache,
poison for hunting, infertility, edema, chest pains,
reddening of child's anal pore, retained placenta,
appetizer, swollen legs and body pains during
pregnancy, diarrhea
[14,41,51,64,68,74,80,81,
8486,91,96,98,100,104
106,129,130,132,137,139
146,148,151]
Terminalia
kilimandscharicaEngl.
Tree Bark Cough, STI's [153]
Terminalia mollis
M.A.Lawson
Shrub/
tree
Stems, roots,
bark
Gut problems, diarrhea, stomachache, acaricide [116,133]
Terminalia orbicularis
Engl. & Diels
Shrub/
tree
Bark Bone/joint pain [137]
Terminalia prunioides
M.A.Lawson
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves
Postnatal pains, mild madness, ringworms,
peptic ulcers, kidney pains, aphrodisiac
[51,80,142]
Terminalia spinosa
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots Stomach ailments, jaundice, malaria, sore throat [91,100,127,142]
Terminalia tetraptera
(Wickens) Gere &
Boatwr.
Tree Bark Venereal diseases, wounds, men aphrodisiac [150]
Commelinaceae
Aneilema aequinoctiale
(P.Beauv.) G.Don
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves,
owers
Malnutrition, colds, ocular disorders, children
fever
[77,89,134]
Aneilema leiocaule
K.Schum.
Herb Cough in children [136]
Aneilema spekei
C.B.Clarke
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves
Fever, swollen organs, stomach ailments and
emaciation in animals
[92,144]
Commelina africanaL. Herb
Leaves,
exudate,
whole plant
Stillbirth, fever, wounds, eyes, earache, colds,
cough, sores, diseases of the ear, hemostatic when
umbilical cord cut, immune booster
[14,99,105,115,136,140,
141,144,145]
Commelina albescens
Hassk.
Herb Children's fever [77]
Commelina
benghalensisL.
Herb
Leaves,
exudate
Eye problems, children's diseases, dislocations,
injuries, cuts/wounds, colds, earache, eye
infections, cough
[41,67,74,95,115,127,136,
168]
Commelina erectaL. Herb Spathe Sores [140]
Commelina foliacea
Chiov.
Herb Children's fever, cough in children [77,136]
Plants2023,12, 1145 42 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Commelina imberbis
Ehrenb. ex Hassk.
Herb
Whole,
ower
Children's cough, fever [72,99]
Commelina ramulosa
(C.B.Clarke) H.Perrier
(exotic)
Herb Malaria [124]
Cyanotis foecundaDC.
ex Hassk.
Herb Cough in children [136]
Cyanotis lanataBenth. Herb
Shoots,
leaves
Ulcers in animals, knee problems, thinning in
humans, fever, heart ailments
[144]
Compositae
Acanthospermum
glabratum(DC.) Wild
(exotic)
Herb Leaves Broken limbs, boils [66,144]
Acmella caulirhiza
Delile
Herb
Leaves,
owers,
aerial parts,
whole plant,
fruits, bark
Malaria, oral thrush, ulcers, nasal congestion,
diarrhea, spinal cord problem, halitosis,
toothache, afterbirth, oral cavity infections,
diabetes, fever, cough, mouth ulcers, ringworms,
wounds, ear discharge, craniotomy (surgery),
gingivitis, bad smell, gum diseases, stomachache,
sore throat, insect repellant, broken limps
[77,83,86,88,89,91,101,
102,109,115,119,120,122,
123,132,138,141,143,144,
152,168]
Ageratum conyzoidesL.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Eye problems, mouth sores, tetanus, wounds,
chest pains, rheumatism, malaria, stomachache,
injury/cuts, bloody diarrhea, bronchitis,
poisonous to livestock, hemostatic, stop epistaxis,
sore eyes, bowel problems
[76,84,95,104,118,119,
143,144,146,147,168]
Artemisia abyssinica
Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.
(exotic)
Shrub Leaves
Heavy menstruation (menorrhagia), livestock
diseases, common colds
[86,87]
Artemisia afraJacq. ex
Willd.
Shrub
Whole plant,
roots, leaves
ECF, malaria, anthelmintic, colds, inuenza, fever,
ear drop, abdominal pain, expectorant, cough,
headache, loss of appetite
[99,104,105,120,132,141,
147,168]
Artemisia annuaL.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves Asthma, malaria, cough [14,41,98,104]
Aspilia mossambicensis
(Oliv.) Wild
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Stomachache, cough, pneumonia, yellow fever,
wounds, diarrhea, poison antidote, malaria,
postpartum hemorrhage, prevent rst/second
trimester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy edema,
sore eyes/gums, ulcers (animals), bums, eye
diseases, anthrax, cuts, contraceptive, retained
placenta
[14,74,80,81,104,140,143,
145,147,151,168]
Aspilia pluriseta
Schweinf. ex Engl.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots
Wounds, drippy nose in poultry, postpartum
pain, headache, cuts, snakebites, diabetes
mellitus, malaria, skin diseases, liver damage,
anthelmintic, coagulant, anthrax, pimples,
postpartum pains, gastrointestinal problems, joint
diseases, eye diseases, contraceptive,
stomachache, fever, edema
[51,79,85,96,104,106,113,
115,119,125,143,144,149,
168]
Baccharoides adoensis
(Sch.Bip. ex Walp.)
H.Rob.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant,
bark
Eye infections, malaria, TB, gastrointestinal
disorders, heart/kidney diseases, stomachache,
acaricide, livestock diseases, anthelmintic,
gonorrhea
[79,99,119,133,142,144]
Baccharoides
hymenolepis(A.Rich.)
Isawumi, El-Ghazaly
& B.Nord.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Stomachache, abdominal pains, purgative,
infantile jaundice
[99,119,141,143]
Plants2023,12, 1145 43 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Baccharoides lasiopus
(O.Hoffm.) H.Rob.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant, bark,
stems
Malaria, stomachache, shoulder pains, backache,
pneumonia, scurvy, chest pains, burns, colds,
spinal cord problem, typhoid, allergies, amoeba,
asthma, cancer, dental problems, diabetes,
heartburn, hypertension, inammation, tonsils in
cows, loose bladder, reduces addiction, reduces
menstrual ow, rheumatism, skin diseases, STIs,
stomach disorders, lungs, dog poison, acidity,
nausea, sexual weakness, rashes, cough, diabetes,
crop pests, prevent rst/second trimester
abortion, vomiting, colorectal cancer, postpartum
pains, skin rashes, diarrhea, sore throat, acaricide,
scabies, venereal diseases, maggot in sores,
human/sheep anthelmintic, suppurating ear, skin
diseases, appetizer, aphrodisiac, menstrual pains,
fever
[41,67,74,81,83,84,99,103,
104,106,109,115,117,118,
129,131,133,138,142
147,152,168]
Berkheya spekeana
Oliv.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Arthritis, indigestion, amoeba, sores on
lips/tongue, abdominal pains
[99,132,140,141,154]
Bidens hildebrandtii
O.Hoffm.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Stomach disorders, malaria [77]
Bidens pilosaL. Herb
Leaves,
roots,
shoots,
whole plant,
owers,
aerial parts,
stems
Eye problems, snakebites, aphrodisiac, infertility,
skin infections, hemorrhage, stomachache,
amoeba, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/u, dizziness, ear-nose-throat problems,
eye problems, heartburns, injuries/cuts/wounds,
malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism, STIs, stomach
disorders, ear complications, toothache, eye
inammation, malaria, ringworms, gonorrhea,
sore eyes, postpartum hemorrhage, milk letdown,
rst/second trimester abortion, skin/throat
cancer, anthelmintic, coagulant, diarrhea,
stomach upsets, acaricide, rashes, diabetes,
urinary disorders, liver/kidney problems,
diabetes
[14,41,74,81,84,86,88,95,
104,106,108,109,113,115,
117,122,126,132,133,138,
143147,168]
Blumea axillaris(Lam.)
DC.
Herb Roots Gonorrhea [99]
Bothriocline longipes
(Oliv. & Hiern)
N.E.Br.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Sores, sore throat, fever, malaria, strength and
hygiene on babies
[67,136]
Brachylaena huillensis
O.Hoffm.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Gastrointestinal complaints [150]
Carduus keniensis
R.E.Fr.
Herb Roots Spinal cord problems [109]
Carduus schimperi
Sch.Bip.
Herb Whole plant Arthritis [154]
Chrysanthemum
indicumL. (exotic)
Herb Whole plant Cough [78]
Cirsium vulgare(Savi)
Ten.
Herb
Leaves,
twigs,
whole plant
Arthritis, heartburn [91,154]
Conyza newiiOliv. &
Hiern
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Backache, pimples, expectorant [77,109,141]
Cotula anthemoidesL. Herb Leaves HIV/AIDs, cough [143]
Plants2023,12, 1145 44 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Crassocephalum
montuosum(S.Moore)
Milne-Redh.
Herb
Roots,
shoots
Infertility in women [144]
Crassocephalum
picridifolium(DC.)
S.Moore
Herb Roots Stomachache [144]
Crassocephalum
vitellinum(Benth.)
S.Moore
Herb
Flowers,
leaves
Stomach complications, malaria, mouth infection
in babies, remove particles from eyes,
wounds/burns
[109,168]
Crepis carbonaria
Sch.Bip.
Herb Flowers Assist in parturition [67]
Dichrocephala
chrysanthemifolia
(Blume) DC.
Herb Poisonous to cattle [168]
Dichrocephala
integrifolia(L.f.)
Kuntze
Herb
Fruits,
leaves,
seeds
Oral cavity infections, memory loss, measles, skin
growths, stomach ailments, diarrhea, head rashes
[119,123,144,147,154]
Echinops amplexicaulis
Oliv.
Herb Roots Arthritis, chronic cough [140,154]
Echinops angustilobus
S.Moore
Herb Roots STIs [120]
Echinops hispidus
Fresen.
Herb Roots Chest congestion [86]
Emilia coccinea(Sims)
G.Don
Herb Stomach problems [115]
Emilia discifolia(Oliv.)
C.Jeffrey
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Stomach ailments, constipation, nausea, amoeba,
body aches, fatigue, malaria, clean womb, skin
rashes, allergy, ringworm, peptic ulcers,
pregnancy stomachache, aching bones, infantile
diseases that causes disability, appetizer,
anthelmintic, eye infection, chronic asthma, eye
infection
[14,78,84,140,143,144,
147]
Erigeron bonariensisL.
(exotic)
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
stems
Toothache, snakebites, stomachache, back pain in
women, postpartum pain, ringworms, wounds,
headache, malaria, meningitis, arthritis,
heartburn, oral thrush, gonorrhea, diarrhea,
measles, stomach ailments, rashes, boils, itching,
liver diseases, dysentery, anaplasmosis (cattle),
heartburn, STIs, colds, throat/breast/squamous
cell carcinoma of the gums, appetizer, tonsils,
skin pimples, throat infections, backache,
pimples, sore throat, postpartum pains, fever
[74,86,99,113,115,117
120,122,125,126,146,147,
152,154,168]
Erigeron canadensisL.
(exotic)
Herb Toothache [41]
Erigeron karvinskianus
DC. (exotic)
Herb Leaves Heartburn, oral thrush, sore throat, cough [86,144]
Erythrocephalum
marginatum
(O.Hoffm.) S.Ortiz &
A.P.Cout.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Restore penile erection and sexual vigor, liver
pains, malaria
[96,106,127,129]
Eschenbachia
subscaposa(O.Hoffm.)
G.L.Nesom
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Obesity, breast cancer, tonsils [78]
Plants2023,12, 1145 45 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ethulia scheferi
S.Moore
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Malaria [67]
Ethulia vernonioides
(Schweinf.)
M.G.Gilbert
Herb Roots Retained placenta [67]
Euryops jacksonii
S.Moore
Herb Flowers Assist childbirth [67]
Galinsoga parviora
Cav. (exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Wounds, tetanus, cough, colds, diabetes,
colorectal, skin care cancer, skin sores/ulcers
[14,83,117,141,147]
Gutenbergia cordifolia
Benth. ex Oliv.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Skin problems, oral cavity infections,
stomachache, malaria, livestock diseases and
hard dung, ticks, giardiasis, emetic, measles, eye
ailments
[68,79,82,97,107,123,138,
143,144,168]
Gymnanthemum
amygdalinum(Delile)
Sch.Bip.
Shrub/
tree
Whole plant,
roots, leaves
Abdominal pains, arthritis, meningitis, malaria,
typhoid, epilepsy, diarrhea, stomachache, stiches,
acaricide, gastrointestinal problems, typhoid,
amoebiasis, teeth-problems, constipation,
atulence, menstrual problems, cuts,
trematode/termite control
[64,76,79,87,101,116,132,
133,144]
Gymnanthemum
auriculiferum(Hiern)
Isawumi
Shrub
Bark, roots,
leaves
Stomachache, earache, chest pains, anthelmintic,
menstrual pains, livestock diseases, heartburn,
peptic ulcers, labor, malaria, pain in male private
parts, after birth pains, amoebiasis, bilharzia,
gastritis, measles, typhoid, cough, colds, mouth
wounds, snakebites, eye problem, headache,
inuenza, kidney stones, wounds, venereal
diseases, diarrhea in cattle
[41,88,103,104,119,120,
132,144,147,152,168]
Gymnanthemum
myrianthum(Hook.f.)
H.Rob.
Shrub Root, bark
Heartburn, oral thrush, impotence, anthrax,
abdominal pains
[86,141]
Gynura scandens
O.Hoffm.
Herb Leaves Fever [144]
Gynura valerianaOliv. Herb Whole plant Fever, mouth rashes, wounds [144]
Helichrysum
formosissimum
Sch.Bip.
Shrubs Leaves Sores on cattle [67]
Helichrysum forskahlii
(J.F.Gmel.) Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
Herb/
shrub
Whole plant,
roots
Nausea, vomiting, toothache, headache,
stomachache
[71,99]
Helichrysum globosum
Sch.Bip.
Herb Roots Expel placenta, chronic cough [99,140]
Helichrysum
glumaceumDC.
Herb Roots Pregnancy edema [81]
Helichrysum
luteoalbum(L.) Rchb.
(exotic)
Herb
Stems,
leaves
Tonic [67]
Helichrysum
nudifolium(L.) Less.
Herb Leaves Tonic, keep illness away [67]
Helichrysum
odoratissimum(L.)
Sweet
Herb
Anthelminthic, cough, headache, wounds, repel
eas and lice
[115,168]
Helichrysum schimperi
(Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.)
Moeser
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, stems
Stomachache, wounds, colds, malaria, stomach
disorders, fever, nausea, cough, inammation
[99,109,131,152,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 46 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Hirpicium diffusum
(O.Hoffm.) Roessler
Herb Whole plant Eye lotion [77]
Hoffmannanthus
abbotianus(O.Hoffm.)
H.Rob., S.C.Keeley &
Skvarla
Liana
Roots,
stems, bark,
leaves
Pneumonia, wounds, stomachache, cough,
malaria, eye infections, stomach acidity,
constipation, poisoning, rst/second trimester
abortion, vomiting, skin rashes, emetic, typhoid,
joint pain/brucellosis/ back pain, fecal impaction
in babies/children, anaplasmosis
[14,67,71,72,77,81,84,91,
103,104,107,131,140
142,144,146,147,152,168]
Jeffreycia hildebrandtii
(Vatke) H.Rob.,
S.C.Keeley & Skvarla
Herb/
shrub
Roots
Convulsions, stomach trouble, snakebite antidote[127,142]
Jeffreycia usambarensis
(O.Hoffm.) H.Rob.,
S.C.Keeley & Skvarla
Shrub Flowers Cause eyes sores [142]
Kleinia petraea
(R.E.Fr.) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves
Abdominal pains, sore eyes [141,168]
Kleinia squarrosa
Cufod.
Shrub
Stems, aerial
parts, bark,
leaves
Asthma, amenorrhea, syphilis, jaundice, malaria,
edema, cholera, thrombosis, second trimester
abortion, pregnancy edema, measles, smallpox,
diarrhea in poultry
[51,81,96,102,106]
Lactuca inermis
Forssk.
Herb
Roots,
whole plant,
leaves
Joint pains, cough, stomachache, rheumatism,
diabetes, heartburn, gonorrhea, syphilis
[74,83,99,130,147]
Laggera brevipesOliv.
& Hiern
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Snakebite, measles, afterbirth pains, toothache,
suppurating ears, baby skin care
[14,99,126,168]
Laggera crispata(Vahl)
Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Hiccups, colds, measles [99,144]
Laggera elatiorR.E.Fr. Herb Roots
Liver problems, gonorrhea, afterbirth pains,
toothache, suppurating ears
[152,168]
Launaea cornuta
(Hochst. ex Oliv. &
Hiern) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Leaves,
exudate,
whole plant,
leaves,
shoots
Chira, chronic joint pains, malaria, amoebiasis,
diabetes, appetizer, aphrodisiac, stomach
disorders, typhoid, anthelmintic, chest pain,
throat cancer, ulcers, dysentery, breast/prostate
cancer, stomachache, warts, toothache, liver
problems, coccidiosis in poultry, measles, stop
sneezing, swollen testicles, smallpox, edema
[14,41,51,83,84,86,96,106,
108,111,112,129,130,139,
144,168]
Linzia glabraSteetz Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Snakebites, boils, stomach ailments, post/partum
hemorrhage, rst/second trimester abortion,
diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems, stomach
problems, menstrual problems, oral thrush, fever
[79,81,122,126,143,144,
147]
Lipotriche scandens
(Schumach. &
Thonn.) Orchard
Shrub Leaves Teeth infections [144]
Microglossa densiora
Hook.f.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, stems
Pneumonia, wounds, stomachache, menstrual
pains, backache
[99,152]
Microglossa pyrifolia
(Lam.) Kuntze
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Malaria, boils, abscesses, arthritis, emetic, gum
aches, eye lotion, skin rashes, measles, cough,
nose bleeding, colorectal/skin/breast cancer,
expel placenta, joints, wounds, toothache,
acaricide, snakebites, gastrointestinal problems,
promote fetal alignment or labor, colds,
stomachache, anthrax, mental illness, skin
infections, promote appetitepremature birth
[67,77,79,94,98,101,104,
115,117,119,126,133,142
144,147,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 47 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Microglossa
pyrrhopappa(Sch.Bip.
ex A.Rich.) Agnew
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, abdominal pains [67,141]
Mikania cordata
(Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves Measles [144]
Orbivestus karaguensis
(Oliv. & Hiern)
H.Rob.
Herb Anthrax [143]
Gerbera piloselloides
(L.) Cass. (exotic)
Herb Leaves Tonic [67]
Pluchea dioscoridis(L.)
DC.
Shrub Leaves Infantile ailments, pregnancy pains [142]
Psiadia punctulata
Vatke
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, bark,
owers
Abdominal pains, STIs, ectoparasites (ticks, eas),
insecticide, wounds, burns, malaria, scabies, skin
infection, diarrhea, urinary problems, cough, sore
throat, colds, afterbirth pains, inammation,
brucellosis, gonorrhea, edema, aphrodisiac,
infertility, vertigo, abdominal pains, sexual
stimulant, female conditions, headache, afterbirth
pains
[68,71,72,76,77,91,97,99,
105,107,113,115,140
144,168]
Schkuhria pinnata
(Lam.) Kuntze ex
Thell.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Malaria, joint pains, diabetes, fever, meningitis,
stomach disorders, stomachache, colds/u,
wounds, gastrointestinal problems, plague,
gingivitis, HIV/AIDs, abdominal pains during
menstruation, vomiting
[14,41,76,79,84,103,104,
115,118,129,130,132,143,
147,153]
Senecio hadiensis
Forssk.
Liana
Roots,
leaves,
stems
Malaria, diarrhea, myalgia, kidney diseases,
blood cleanser, baby tonic, colds
[72,88,109,141,152]
Senecio lyratusForssk.Herb Roots Fever [77]
Senecio moorei R.E.Fr.
Herb/
shrub
Cough [125]
Senecio syringifolius
O.Hoffm.
Liana
Leaves,
roots
Wounds, eye inammation, stomachache, malaria[111,152]
Solanecio angulatus
(Vahl) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Roots,
stems,
leaves, bark
Mouth wash/teeth cleaning, livestock diseases,
aphrodisiac, pneumonia, prostate cancer, STIs,
whooping cough, backache, colds, gonorrhea
[41,77,107,135,147]
Solanecio cydoniifolius
(O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
Herb Leaves Skin rashes, joint pains [77,119]
Solanecio mannii
(Hook.f.) C.Jeffrey
Tree
Roots,
leaves,
fruits, whole
plant
Snakebites, STIs, malaria, livestock, spinal cord
problem, colds, chest infections, heartburn, dental
problems, poison antidote, rheumatism, arthritis,
sprains, boils, scurvy, wounds, stomach ailments,
purgative, anaplasmosis (cow), trypanosomiasis
(cow, goat), skin/breast/colorectal cancer, skin
diseases, acaricide, sterility, itchy rash, abdominal
pains, livestock fever, stomachache, cancer,
pneumonia, cough, epilepsy, typhoid
[41,73,74,77,78,91,109,
113,117,119,120,126,131,
133,141,143,145,147,152,
154,168]
Solanecio nandensis
(S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
Liana
Stems,
leaves
Malaria, stomachache, breast/colorectal cancer [117,131]
Sonchus asper(L.) Hill Herb
Roots,
whole plant,
leaves
Amoeba, diabetes, erectile dysfunction
(impotence), tonsils, cough
[41,78,83,84]
Plants2023,12, 1145 48 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Sonchus luxurians
(R.E.Fr.) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Diabetes [83]
Sonchus oleraceusL. Herb
Roots,
leaves
Gonorrhea, STIs, diabetes, typhoid, liver
problems
[83,113,115,168]
Sonchus schweinfurthii
Oliv. & Hiern
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Gastrointestinal problems, sore throat, neck pains[79,143,144]
Sphaeranthus bullatus
Mattf.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Tonic, rst/second trimester abortion, vomiting,
pregnancy edema
[67,81]
Sphaeranthus
confertifoliusRobyns
Shrub
Fruits,
leaves, roots,
stems
Smoothen skin, skin conditions [135]
Sphaeranthus kirkii
Oliv. & Hiern
Herb
Leaves,
aerial parts
Swollen legs during pregnancy, malaria, edema [51,139]
Sphaeranthus steetzii
Oliv. & Hiern
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Medicine for pregnancy, diarrhea, cough,
inammation, difculty in breathing, skin
ulcers/rashes, madness
[77,122,140,144]
Sphaeranthus
suaveolensDC.
Herb
Leaves,
owers,
whole plant,
shoots,
fruits
Postpartum pain, nasal congestion, malaria,
retained afterbirth, stomachache, rheumatism,
cough, sore throat, u, eye ailments
[67,103,104,113,144,152,
168]
Sphaeranthus
ukambensisVatke &
O.Hoffm.
Herb Stems, roots Food poisoning, stomachache, baby fever [91,139]
Tagetes minutaL.
(exotic)
Herb
Bark, leaves,
whole plant,
roots,
owers,
shoots
Fever, infertility, polio, muscle ache, nose
bleeding, malaria, meningitis, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
dental problems, diabetes, headache, herbicide,
injuries/cuts, wounds, skin diseases, TB, arthritis,
asthma, toothache, control cockroaches/eas,
mosquito/ant repellant, ectoparasites (cow,
poultry), skin diseases, stomachache, toothache,
abdominal pains, ulcers
[41,66,73,76
78,109,113,115,118
120,122,129,133,141,143,
144,146,147,152,154,168]
Tanacetum
cinerariifolium(Trevis.)
Sch.Bip. (exotic)
Herb
Flower,
leaves,
stems, aerial
parts
General ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice, ea
infestation (cow, poultry), tick infestation (cow,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig)
[73,133]
Taraxacumsect.
Taraxacum F.H.Wigg.
(exotic)
Herb
Roots,
shoots
Barrenness, afterbirth pains [144]
Tarchonanthus
camphoratusL.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
stems, roots,
bark
General body fatigue, wounds, skin infections,
asthma, cough, bronchitis, fever, constipation,
gastrointestinal diseases, vitamin, nausea,
headache, chest diseases
[71,99,107,109,140,152,
168]
Tithonia diversifolia
(Hemsl.) A.Gray
(exotic)
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, bark,
whole plant,
owers,
stems
Indigestion, sprains, livestock diseases, malaria,
snakebites, stomachache, headache, joint pains,
typhoid, amoebiasis, contagious diseases, cough,
colds/u, insecticides, chicken diseases, pesticide,
pneumonia, stomach disorders, anthelmintic,
herbicide, diabetes mellitus, sore throat, liver
problems, livestock weakness, ectoparasites
(cow), helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep,
pig), tonsils, jiggers, acaricide, anaplasmosis,
pimples, wounds, gastrointestinal problems,
asthma, skin diseases, venereal diseases
[41,66,73,79,82,84,87,98,
101,104,106,108,115,118,
119,122,126,129,130,133,
143,144,146,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 49 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Tridax procumbensL.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
stems
Dental problems, injuries/cuts, wounds, malaria,
stomachache, toothache
[14,41,51,67,99,147]
Vernonia colorata
(Willd.) Drake
Shrub Roots Anthelmintic, cough, pneumonia, stomachache [74]
Vernonia galamensis
(Cass.) Less.
Herb Leaves Eye lotion, eye problems [77,136]
Vernonia holstii
O.Hoffm.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Abdominal pains, tonsils [99,100]
Connaraceae
Agelaea pentagyna
(Lam.) Baill.
Shrub/
liana
Roots Impotence [144]
Convolvulaceae
Astripomoea grantii
(Rendle) Verdc.
Herb Leaves Chronic headache [144]
Astripomoea
hyoscyamoides(Vatke)
Verdc.
Herb Leaves Typhoid [144]
Astripomoea malvacea
(Klotzsch) A.Meeuse
Herb Roots Malaria, stomach dysentery, constipation [74]
Cuscuta australisR.Br. Herb Whole plant Typhoid, diarrhea [119]
Cuscuta campestris
Yunck.
Herb Exudate Scabies, pimples, warts, boils [168]
Cuscuta kilimanjari
Oliv.
Herb
Bark, whole
plant
Pregnancy edema, stomach pains [81,84]
Dichondra repens
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves Snakebites, skin wounds, ringworms [118,126]
Evolvulus alsinoides
(L.) L.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Diarrhea, wounds, oral thrush [76,143]
Hewittia malabarica
(L.) Suresh
Herb Roots Stomach swellings, constipation, pain [144]
Hildebrandtia
obcordataS.Moore
Shrub Roots Constipation [142]
Hildebrandtia sepalosa
Rendle
Shrub Roots
Stomach problems, upper respiratory tract
infections, gastrointestinal complications
[72,116]
Ipomoea batatas(L.)
Lam. (exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
stems,
exudate
Wounds from poisoned arrows, acaricide [133,147]
Ipomoea cairica(L.)
Sweet
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Breast/cervical/skin cancer, colds, measles [117,119]
Ipomoea hildebrandtii
Vatke
Shrub Exudate Fungal infections [143]
Ipomoea jaegeriPilg. Shrub Roots Emetic, gonorrhea [67,77]
Ipomoea kituiensis
Vatke
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, stems
Stomachache, typhoid, constipation, digestive
disorders, cough, remove thorn from esh, snake
poison
[41,76,80,98,100,108,142]
Ipomoea lapidosaVatkeLiana
Twigs, roots,
leaves,
stems
Ocular disorders, toothache, paresthesia, blood
cleanser, STIs
[88,91]
Plants2023,12, 1145 50 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ipomoea longituba
Hallier f.
Shrub Roots Kwashiorkor [138]
Ipomoea obscura(L.)
Ker Gawl.
Herb Leaves Anthrax [147]
Ipomoea spathulata
Hallier f.
Shrub
Roots,
exudates,
leaves
Eyes problems, eye lotion, ringworms, diarrhea,
tonic, infertility
[72,76,77,99,136,141]
Ipomoea tenuirostris
Choisy
Herb Leaves Rheumatism [99,141]
Ipomoea wightii(Wall.)
Choisy
Herb Exudate Cuts/wounds [152]
Cornaceae
Cornus volkensiiHarmsTree Typhoid, amoeba, stomachache, vomiting [132]
Crassulaceae
Cotyledon barbeyi
Schweinf. ex Baker
Herb Leaves
Teeth problem, skin infections, stomach
complications, spinal cord problem, painful parts
of the body, fatigue pains, rheumatism
[67,109,142]
Crassula granvikii
Mildbr.
Herb
Shoots,
leaves
Rheumatism and thinning, black water,
dermatitis, increase blood, swelling of
stomach/legs/whole body
[144]
Crassula schimperi
Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Herb Wounds [136]
Kalanchoe crenata
(Andrews) Haw.
Herb
Leaves,
exudate
Navel infections in children, swollen areas for
muscle sprain and myalgia, stomach problems,
bruises, wounds, umbilical cord problem, rashes,
disinfectant
[87,89,109,132]
Kalanchoe densiora
Rolfe
Herb
Leaves,
roots, stems
Eye problems, joint pains, stomachache, umbilical
cord, wounds, muscle pains, fast heartbeat,
heartburn, heartache, skin problems, rheumatism,
muscular/bone dislocations, dermatitis, arthritis,
dislocated joints, stiff/swollen muscles, liver
problems, boils, whitlow, edema, poisonous,
swollen body, abortifacient
[14,67,72,94,95,119,131,
136,143,144,152,154,168]
Kalanchoe glaucescens
Britten
Herb Leaves Rheumatism [67]
Kalanchoe lanceolata
(Forssk.) Pers.
Herb
Leaves,
owers
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, blood cleanser,
rheumatism
[67,88]
Kalanchoe marmorata
Baker
Herb Leaves
Stiff muscles, liver problems, skin diseases,
diarrhea and foot rot in sheep
[168]
Kalanchoe obtusaEngl.Herb Whole plant Children's diseases, pesticide [127]
Kalanchoe prittwitzii
Engl.
Herb Leaves Stiff joints, rheumatism [67]
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus
(Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakai
Herb Cleanse blood [41]
Coccinia grandis(L.)
Voigt
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Diarrhea, snoring, abdominal pains [76,91,143]
Cucumis aculeatus
Cogn.
Herb
Leaves,
fruits,
exudate
Malaria, livestock diseases, anaplasmosis (cow,
ruminant), helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), loss of feathers (poultry), cough, ECF,
emetic, nausea, appetite
[14,67,73,101,114,115,
140]
Plants2023,12, 1145 51 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cucumis dipsaceus
Ehrenb. ex Spach
Herb
Fruits, roots,
leaves
Abdominal pains, acidity, emetic, gastrointestinal
problems, emetic, hasten delivery, cathartic,
hemorrhoids
[79,86,91,143,147]
Cucumis engleri(Gilg)
Ghebret. & Thulin
Herb Roots Malaria [67]
Cucumis cifolius
A.Rich.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, bark,
whole plant
Malaria, stomach complications,Chira,
constipation, emetic, abdominal pains, bloody
stool
[14,108,109,114,119,141,
168]
Cucumis prophetarum
L.
Herb Fruits, roots
Emetic, remove phlegm, malaria, infertility,
infected ears, syphilis
[86,87,114]
Cucurbita cifolia
Bouch²(exotic)
Herb Leaves Mouth ulcers [122]
Cucurbita maxima
Duchesne (exotic)
Herb Fruits
Cough, AIDs, amoeba, cancer, hard stool,
immunity booster, operated mother, prostrate
problems, skin diseases, snakebites, stomach
disorders, anthelmintic, urinary disorders,
aphrodisiac
[41,96,168]
Cucurbita pepoL.
(exotic)
Herb Roots, seeds Afterbirth, anthelmintic [120]
Gerrardanthus lobatus
(Cogn.) C.Jeffrey
Herb Roots Malaria [111]
Kedrostis foetidissima
(Jacq.) Cogn.
Herb Roots
Smallpox, bloat in livestock, measles, boils,
whitlow
[114,121,143]
Kedrostis gijef(Forssk.
ex J.F.Gmel.) C.Jeffrey
Liana Roots
Eye medicine, snake poison, malaria, cough,
stomachache
[72,114,142]
Kedrostis heterophylla
Zimm.
Liana Leaves Children's diseases [127]
Kedrostis pseudogijef
(Gilg) C.Jeffrey
Liana
Leaves,
bark,
exudate,
stems
Diarrhea, yellow fever, malaria, hepatitis,
measles, cuts
[51,77]
Lagenaria abyssinica
(Hook.f.) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Leaves,
exudate
Wounds, toothache [114,152]
Lagenaria siceraria
(Molina) Standl.
Herb Leaves Cough [87]
Lagenaria sphaerica
(Sond.) Naudin
Herb
Flowers,
roots
Scabies, candidiasis, ringworms, leprosy, retained
placenta, abdominal pains
[114,131]
Momordica
anigosanthaHook.f.
Herb Fruits Vomiting, emetic [132,141]
Momordica boivinii
Baill.
Herb Roots Induce menstruation [114]
Momordica foetida
Schumach.
Herb
Roots,
whole plant,
aerial parts,
fruits,
leaves,
exudate
Trigeminal neuralgia, sinusitis, wounds, teething
problems, abdominal pains, amoeba, fever,
arthritis, heartburn, oral thrush, colic pain in
infants, emetic, diabetes mellitus, skin rashes,
fever, stomachache, malaria, anthelmintic, cough
(livestock, human), breast/cervical cancer,
poisonous, chest problems, headache, typhoid
[82,8588,109,114,117,
118,120,132,154]
Momordica friesiorum
(Harms) C.Jeffrey
Herb
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds
Malaria, livestock diseases, emetic, spleen, liver
diseases, vomiting
[67,88,89,114,152]
Momordica pterocarpa
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb Ear infection, malaria [114]
Plants2023,12, 1145 52 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Momordica rostrata
Zimm.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
fruits,
shoots
Malaria, brain stimulant, emetic, laxative, swollen
legs and body pains during pregnancy, retained
placenta, abdominal pains, fever, burns,
stomachache, coccidiosis (poultry), measles,
trematodes, cuts, boils of livestock
[114,131,139,144]
Momordica spinosa
(Gilg) Chiov.
Shrub/
liana
Roots, bark
Headache, hepatitis, respiratory diseases, fever,
malaria
[72,137]
Peponium vogelii
(Hook.f.) Engl.
Herb
Leaves,
fruits, whole
plant
Fever, dysmenorrhea, venereal diseases,
headache, rash
[77,114]
Zehneria pallidinervia
(Harms) C.Jeffrey
Herb Leaves Snakebites [127]
Zehneria scabra(L.f.)
Sond.
Herb
Stems,
leaves,
seeds, roots,
shoots,
branches
Malaria, asthma, boils, wounds, constipation,
livestock diseases, skin disorders, ringworms,
gonorrhea, measles, colds, u, hypertension, eye
infections, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pains,
skin rashes, cough, cancer, recuperate patients,
eye/ear problems, warts, cuts
[41,67,76,86,91,99,105,
107,109,114,115,131,132,
138,147,152,168]
Cupressaceae
Cupressus torulosa
D.Don ex Lamb.
(exotic)
Tree
Leaves, barkColds, urinary bladder inammation [152]
Hesperocyparis
lusitanica(Mill.)
Bartel (exotic)
Tree
Leaves,
exudate,
fruit, bark,
stems
Cancer, epilepsy, rheumatism, skin diseases,
typhoid, toothache, anthelmintic, measles,
dysentery, acaricide
[41,116,133]
Juniperus procera
Hochst. ex Endl.
(exotic)
Tree
Leaves,
bark,
branches,
exudates,
roots
Eye problems, whopping cough, stomachache,
livestock diseases, cancer, wounds, breathing
difculty, amoeba, cough, colds/u, diarrhea,
gall bladder, kidney problems, knock swells,
malaria, placenta removal, rheumatism, typhoid,
anthelmintic, broken bones, sore throat,
breast/throat/squamous carcinoma of the gum,
acaricide, aphrodisiac, expectorant
[41,64,72,86,88,95,117,
120,132,133,136,140,141,
145,152,168]
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alternifoliusL.Herb Roots Boils, rashes [80]
Cyperus articulatusL. Herb Roots
Malaria, body weakness, fever, pneumonia,
hiccups
[103,104,115,128,144,147]
Cyperus brevifolius
(Rottb.) Hassk.
Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus dichrostachyus
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus elegantulus
Steud.
Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus esculentusL. Herb
Leaves,
roots
Abdominal upsets, bad breadth, stomachache,
abdominal/colic pains, eye problems, typhoid,
cough, blindness, backache, headache, chest
problem, gingivitis, appetizer
[88,91,132]
Cyperus impubes
Steud.
Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus laevigatusL. Herb Chickenpox, malaria, stomach disorders [41]
Cyperus niveusRetz. Herb Fever [136]
Plants2023,12, 1145 53 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cyperus papyrusL. Herb
Leaves,
roots
Pneumonia, headache, malaria, hypertension,
nutritional edema, HIV/AIDs
[74,143,168]
Cyperus rigidifolius
Steud.
Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus rotundusL. Herb Leaves Heart problems [144]
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum ruhlandii
Engl.
Shrub/
liana
Poisonous [142]
Dichapetalum zenkeri
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Venereal diseases, menstrual disorders, prenatal
care
[127]
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera boiviniana
Baill.
Shrub Roots Stomach ailments, venereal diseases [127]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea minutiora
Engl. (exotic)
Herb
Tubers,
exudate
Blood cleanser, viral diseases, rheumatism,
heartburn, gonorrhea, warts
[41,84,147,168]
Dioscorea praehensilis
Benth.
Herb Fruits Measles [144]
Dioscorea quartiniana
A.Rich.
Herb Roots Poisonous, fever [77,99]
Ebenaceae
Diospyros abyssinica
(Hiern) F.White
Shrub/
tree
Seeds, bark,
roots, twigs
Diarrhea, sores, laxative, malaria, ringworms,
skin rashes, internal injuries, ocular disorders in
livestock, STIs, venereal diseases
[66,89,116,120,125,144]
Diospyros consolatae
Chiov.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, back
Toothache, stomach ailments, skin diseases,
respiratory problems, kidney problem,
gastrointestinal gas, snakebites, arthritis,
umbilical cord, hernia, veterinary medicine
[127,150]
Diospyros loureiroana
G.Don
Shrub/
tree
Snakebites [134]
Diospyros scabra
(Chiov.) Cufod.
Shrub/
tree
Bark Women's stomach troubles, fever in children [91,142]
Diospyros squarrosa
Klotzsch
Shrub/
tree
Roots Prenatal care, septic swelling, convulsions [127]
Euclea divinorum
Hiern
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds, fruits
Sore throat, cathartic, malaria, constipation,
excessive menstrual flow, anthelmintic, diarrhea,
infertility, spinal cord problem, abdominal upsets,
skin disorders, blood cleansers, invigorant,
prophylaxis of cancer and respiratory disorders,
stomachache, amoeba, boils, skin rashes,
snakebites, dental problems, dislocation,
indigestions, livestock diseases, heartburn,
toothache, cough, tonic, diabetes mellitus, anthrax,
rheumatism, stomach rumblings, cleans the womb,
headache, appetizer, joint pains in livestock, fever,
venereal diseases, protracted labor, postpartum
hemorrhage, retained afterbirth, anaplasmosis
(cow, ruminant), constipation (cow, goat, sheep),
sore throat, pneumonia, chest pains, acaricide,
problems during pregnancy, arthritis, leprosy,
asthma, joint diseases, bleeding gums, loose teeth,
dysentery, menstrual pains, bloat, laxative, ulcers,
wounds, gonorrhea, purgative, tonic for anemia
[14,41,6668,7174,79
82,8588,91,98
100,104,105,107
109,112,113,115,116,120,
124,132,133,135,138,141
143,146,147,149,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 54 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Euclea natalensis
A.DC.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Diarrhea, poisoning, snakebites, diabetes
mellitus, anthelmintic, mouth infections, stomach
ulcers, gonorrhea, constipation, vaginal
discharge, toothache, earache
[85,99,127,150]
Euclea racemosaL.
Shrub/
tree
Root, bark,
leaves
Poisoning, diabetes mellitus, liver, anthelmintic,
stomach disorders,Chira, bloody diarrhea,
stomachache, constipation, purgative, colic pain,
general body wellness
[14,76,77,85,127,140,142]
Ericaceae
Agarista salicifolia
(Lam.) G.Don
Shrub/
tree
Leaves, barkDigestion, indigestion, poisonous [99,142]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha fruticosa
Forssk.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Snakebites, induce labor pains, liver, wounds,
scorpion/bee stings, fever in children, cerebral
malaria, headache, gastrointestinal gas,
gonorrhea, gastrointestinal problems
[64,77,91,100,127,142,
143,150]
Acalypha paniculata
Miq.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
stems, bark
Acaricide [133]
Acalypha psilostachya
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb Roots Retained placenta [144]
Acalypha volkensiiPax Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Gonorrhea, sores, fatigue, dizziness [67,144,168]
Croton alienusPax
Shrub/
tree
Roots General health, rheumatism [168]
Croton dichogamusPax
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
seeds, stems
Gonorrhea, arthritis, polio symptoms, chest pain,
tonic, malaria, bone/joint pain, respiratory
diseases, fever, abdominal pain, oral thrush, chest
congestion, asthma, cough, colds, rheumatism,
joint diseases, miscarriage, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy, back pains, stomachache,
edema, infertility
[14,51,67,71,72,77,84,89,
91,98,105,107,129,136,137,
139,142,143,149,168]
Croton macrostachyus
Hochst. ex Delile
Tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
seeds, stems,
exudate
Eye problems, sore throat, u, TB, stomachache,
measles, dysentery, malaria, respiratory
disorders, ear infection, allergies, ringworms,
dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, fever in cows, typhoid,
measles, acaricide, asthma, bites, cough,
colds/u, dental problems, general body pains,
heart problems, increase body temperatures,
injuries/cuts, wounds, livestock (pregnancy test
in cows), measles, mumps, pneumonia,
rheumatism, skin diseases, STIs, straighten
muscles, thorn pricks, anthelmintic, oral cavity
infections, cleansing digestive and blood
circulation system, diabetes mellitus, amoeba,
venereal diseases, backache, fatigue, postpartum
hemorrhage, colorectal/skin/breast, sore throat,
u, dysentery, asthma, headache, rashes,
purgative, aphrodisiac, cathartic, food poisoning,
asthenia, warts, fever in livestock/man
[14,41,66,67,81,84,85,87,
88,95,99,101,104,116,117,
119,120,123,132,133,141
147,153,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 55 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Croton megalocarpus
Hutch.
Tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Stomachache, malaria, respiratory conditions,
back pain, amoeba, joint/bone problems, body
weakness, chest congestions, chest problems,
cough, colds/u, dental problems, general body
pains, headache, injuries/cuts, wounds, livestock
diseases, pneumonia, rheumatism, STIs, stomach
acid, body swellings, typhoid, ulcers,
anthelmintic, kidney failure, lung problems,
cancer, toothache, diabetes mellitus, fever,
diarrhea, anaplasmosis, diarrhea/dysentery (cow,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig), paralysis/stroke,
abortifacients, purgative, acaricide, boils,
pneumonia, migraine, diaphragm, throat
infection, swollen legs and body pains during
pregnancy, retained placenta, abdominal pains,
constipation, liver disease in poultry, aphrodisiac
[14,41,51,64,68,72
74,77,85,91,92,98,99,105
107,113,116,121,122,133,
136,139,140,145,146,151,
168]
Croton menyharthii
Pax
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Influenza, malaria, pregnancy pains, menstrual
pains, muscle spasms, female reproductive disorders,
vaginal discharge, ulcers, respiratory problem
[67,100,142,150]
Croton
pseudopulchellusPax
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, gastric lesions, inammation,
convulsions, snakebite, rheumatism
[127,150]
Croton scheferiPax Shrub Roots Fever, malaria [77]
Croton somalensisPax Tree
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots
Inuenza, malaria, stomachache [107,142]
Croton sylvaticus
Hochst.
Shrub
Roots, bark,
buds, seeds
Acaricide, malaria, stomach disorders, respiratory
infections, wounds, tonsillitis, colds, stomachache
[14,133,134,142]
Croton talaeporos
Radcl.-Sm.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
General body pains, inammation, colds,
stomach complaints, typhoid, hypertension,
rheumatism
[127,142,150]
Erythrococca atrovirens
(Pax) Prain
Shrub Septic wounds [125]
Erythrococca bongensis
Pax
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, stems
Arthritis, livestock diseases, stomachache,Chira,
acaricide, livestock diseases, dizziness, insect
bites, ECF in cattle, heartburn, backache,
gynecological problems, HIV/AIDs, anthelmintic
[66,67,76,77,133,140,142,
143,168]
Erythrococca scheri
Pax
Shrub/
tree
Roots Infertility, gonorrhea, chest pains [99]
Euphorbia abyssinica
J.F.Gmel.
Tree Branches Stomach pains in childbirth [67]
Euphorbia bicompacta
Bruyns
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
exudate
Eye problems, livestock diseases, tonsils, ear
complication, wounds, retained placenta in cattle,
ECF in cattle, poison, muscle pull, prevent
termites, bloat, edema in cattle, swollen glands in
calves, asthma
[14,41,73,100,106,142,
146,168]
Euphorbia busseiPax Tree Branches Sore throat, u, asthma [100]
Euphorbia candelabrum
Tr²maux ex Kotschy
Tree
Bark, roots,
latex, leaves,
stems
Venereal diseases, infertility, gonorrhea, u, joint
pains, STIs, eye problems, malaria, retained
placenta, chest problems, bronchitis, headache,
barrenness, upper respiratory tract infections,
gastrointestinal complications, wounds,
coenuruses, ECF in cows, stomach diseases,
acaricide, poison, backache, mumps, blood
pressure, menstrual cramps, rash, asthma,
bronchial conditions, hernia, leprosy, lumpy skin
disease in cows
[41,67,68,7173,77,100,
105,107,120,132,133,135,
138,142,145,150,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 56 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Euphorbia crotonoides
Boiss.
Herb Exudate Skin ulcers, warts [51,140]
Euphorbia
cryptospinosa
P.R.O.Bally
Shrub Exudate Poisonous [142]
Euphorbia cuneata
Vahl
Shrub/
tree
Roots, aerial
parts,
exudate
Gonorrhea, constipation, increase fertility, dust in
eyes, hepatitis in calves
[77,80,105]
Euphorbia engleriPax
Shrub/
tree
Poisonous [142]
Euphorbia friesiorum
(A.Hässl.) S.Carter
Shrub/
tree
Exudate,
bark
Poisonous, elephantiasis, blindness [84,142,168]
Euphorbia gossypina
Pax
Shrub
Stems, roots,
exudate
Warts (verrucae), ringworms, poisonous, swollen
legs and body pains during pregnancy, fever
[80,94,139,142]
Euphorbia
heterochromaPax
Shrub
Roots,
stems,
exudate,
whole plant
Malaria, gonorrhea, fever, gland complications,
respiratory diseases, ticks, ectoparasites,
pneumonia, tuberculosis, acaricide, gonorrhea,
chest problems, virus diseases in chicken,
HIV/AIDs
[68,72,73,77,100,136,137,
145]
Euphorbia heterophylla
L.
Herb Leaves Chira, increase letdown in livestock [108,144]
Euphorbia hirtaL. Herb
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant,
exudate
Skin infections, stomach problems, chest
problems, asthma, respiratory and urinary
disorders, diarrhea, skin diseases, male
impotency, lactating mothers/cows, rashes
[109,119,144,168]
Euphorbia inaequilatera
Sond.
Herb
Leaves,
roots,
exudate,
whole plant,
stems
Gonorrhea, stimulant, to allay hunger, prevent
sleep, wounds, burns, skin ulcers, glaucoma,
snakebite, pregnancy problems
[67,77,143,144]
Euphorbia joyae
P.R.O.Bally &
S.Carter
Shrub
Roots, stemsPostpartum hemorrhage, cough [113,142]
Euphorbia meridionalis
P.R.O.Bally &
S.Carter
Herb Stems
Malaria, STIs, induce diarrhea as a means of
cleansing the body
[92]
Euphorbia miliiDes
Moul. (exotic)
Shrub
Fruits,
leaves,
exudate
Skin infections, warts [74,146]
Euphorbia nyikaePax
ex Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Latex Septic swelling, malaria, wounds/burns [127,136]
Euphorbia pereskiifolia
Houllet ex Baill.
Shrub/
tree
Latex Fish poison [142]
Euphorbia
quinquecostata
Volkens
Tree Insecticide in grain stores [100]
Euphorbia scheferi
Pax
Shrub
Stems,
exudate,
roots, fruits
Vomiting, toothache, goat medicine, poisonous,
stomachache, cuts
[51,77,81,100,138]
Euphorbia
schimperianaScheele
Herb
Shoots,
exudate,
leaves,
branches
Coughs, colds, poisonous,increase lactation in
animals
[67,99,144,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 57 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Euphorbia systyloides
Pax
Herb Wounds [72]
Euphorbia tenuispinosa
Gilli
Shrub Stems Poison, diarrhea in chicken/goats [100,142]
Euphorbia tirucalliL.
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
exudate,
branches
Eye infection, warts (verrucae), cancer, eye
problems, injuries/cuts/wounds, livestock
diseases, malaria, STIs, stomach disorders,
typhoid, epilepsy, toothaches, pesticide in stored
grains, women's health, acaricide, poisonous,
infertility, relieves pain and prevents infection to
sores, eye infection, swollen glands, poisonous to
eyes, sore throat, measles, removing specks from
eyes, pesticidal (aphids)
[14,41,66,86,94,100,116,
127,133,137,141
143,145,147,168]
Euphorbia
transvaalensisSchltr.
Herb Latex Warts [77]
Euphorbia ugandensis
Pax & K.Hoffm.
Herb/
shrub
Colds, cough [142]
Euphorbia uhligiana
Pax
Herb
Branches,
fruits, roots,
whole plant
Wounds, colds, stomach disorders, hypertension [51,72,135]
Euphorbia umbellata
(Pax) Bruyns
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
latex
Poisonous, backache, joint swelling, sore throat,
respiratory problems, fungal skin disease, boils
(cattle)
[142,143]
Euphorbia wakeeldii
N.E.Br.
Tree Stems Postnatal abdominal pains [127]
Excoecaria
madagascariensis
(Baill.) Müll.Arg.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, latex Poisonous [134,142]
Jatropha curcasL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, fruits,
leaves
Burns, injuries/cuts, wounds, snakebites,
stomach disorders, mouth blisters, constipation,
lice/ea control, miscarriage, diarrhea,
kwashiorkor
[41,74,106,138,143,146,
147,150]
Jatropha dichtar
J.F.Macbr.
Shrub
Root, bark,
exudates
Stomach, chest problems, eyedrops, emetic [72,142]
Jatropha ellenbeckiiPaxShrub Exudates Wounds [142]
Jatropha podagrica
Hook. (exotic)
Shrub Leaves Chest problems, fever
Jatropha spicataPax
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
stems
Laxative, diarrhea [100,142]
Jatropha velutinaPax
& K.Hoffm.
Herb
Leaves,
exudates
Wounds [100,120]
Macaranga capensis
(Baill.) Sim
Tree Bark Diarrhea [122]
Macaranga
kilimandscharicaPax
Tree
Roots,
leaves,
stems
Bilharzia, cough, stomachache, cancer, acaricide [41,99,131,133]
Mallotus oppositifolius
(Geiseler) Müll.Arg.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Chest pains [142]
Manihot esculenta
Crantz (exotic)
Herb/
shrub
Root, bark,
stems,
leaves
Foot and mouth disease, acaricide, aphrodisiac,
abdominal pains
[14,96,133,139]
Neoboutonia
macrocalyxPax
Tree
Bark,
exudate
Warts, malaria [93,103,104,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 58 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Neoboutonia melleri
(Müll.Arg.) Prain
Shrub/
tree
Stems, roots Acaricide, poisonous [133,142]
Ricinus communisL. Herb
Leaves,
roots, seeds,
bark
Ruminal impaction, constipation, infertility,
regulate menstrual cycle, chest pains,
stomachache (after-birth), constipation, livestock
diseases, snakebites, septic swelling, laxative,
joint pains, burns, diarrhea, vomiting,
stomachache, arthritis, bites, blood cleanser,
burns, cough, colds/u, dental problems,
detoxier, family planning, hard stool,
indigestion, injuries/cuts, wounds, labor pains,
aphrodisiac, pimples, pneumonia, rheumatism,
stomach disorders, laxative, umbilical cord
infection, dry skin, ringworms, asthma,
whooping, malaria, fevers, retained afterbirth,
protracted labor, postpartum hemorrhage, ECF,
bloat (cow), skin rushes, urinary problems,
enhance appetite, abdominal pains, syphilis,
ulcers, acaricide, eye ailments (cloudy eyes), STIs,
emetic, poisonous, smooth skin, ease parturition,
scorpion bites, earache, venereal diseases,
gonorrhea, bilharzia, earache, pinworms
[14,41,51,64,67,68,73,74,
77,81,86,91,94,96,99,105,
106,111,113,115,118
120,122,127,130,132
134,139,141
145,147,151,152,168]
Shirakiopsis elliptica
(Hochst.) Esser
Tree
Bark, leaves,
seeds
Eye injury/infection in livestock, dental
problems, malaria, colorectal/esophageal cancer,
burns, asthma, acaricide, man/animal fattening
[41,66,116,117,119,125,
133,144]
Spirostachys africana
Sond.
Tree
Roots, bark,
stems
Antiseptic, congestion, breast swelling [100,127]
Spirostachys venenifera
(Pax) Pax
Tree
Stems,
leaves,
branches
Poisonous, livestock boils [14,142]
Suregada
zanzibariensisBaill.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Body swelling [127]
Tragia brevipesPax Herb
Roots,
leaves
Hair loss, indigestion, ulcers, anemia,
hypertension, peptic ulcers, diabetes, topical
anesthetic agent, rheumatism, purgative,
snakebites, delayed/protracted labor, tonic,
breast cancer, leukemia, urinary problems, joint
problems, rheumatism, labor pains, diarrhea,
antivenom, purgative, impotency
[66,67,77,81,86,88,91,99,
115,117,141,168]
Tragia furialisBojer Herb
Roots,
leaves
Skin diseases, diarrhea, tonic [77,127]
Tragia impeditaPrain Herb Roots Retained placenta [139]
Flagellariaceae
Flagellaria guineensis
Schumach.
Liana
Leaves,
fruits
Venereal diseases [127,134]
Geraniaceae
Monsonia angustifolia
E.Mey. ex A.Rich.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Black quarter in cattle, liver disease [67,77]
Monsonia glauca
R.Knuth
Herb Roots Fleas on calves [67]
Pelargonium
alchemilloides(L.)
L'H²r.
Herb Leaves Sore eyes, eye diseases [99,141]
Plants2023,12, 1145 59 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Pelargonium
quinquelobatum
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb Roots Diarrhea [67]
Hamamelidaceae
Trichocladus ellipticus
Eckl. & Zeyh.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Diarrhea, teeth problems, oral candidiasis,
digestion, stomach disorders, strength
[67,77,88,109,152]
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus americanus
Jacq.
Tree Leaves Antiseptic [127]
Hydnoraceae
Hydnora abyssinica
A.Br.
Herb
Roots,
stems,
whole plant
Diarrhea, amoebic dysentery, diabetes,
rst/second trimester abortion, stomachache,
retained placenta, female conditions
[77,81,83,102,143,168]
Hypericaceae
Harungana
madagascariensisLam.
ex Poir.
Tree
Leaves,
fruits, bark,
roots
Eye infection, scabies, u, stomachache, heavy
menstruation, malaria, bloody diarrhea, arthritis,
breast development in young,
colorectal/skin/breast cancer, general body
pains, dysentery, itchy genitals, acaricide,
infertility, wounds, chest pain, jigger/thorn,
headache, cough, venereal diseases
[66,74,98,101,112,116,
117,119,122,133,142
144,154,168]
Hypericum
peplidifoliumA.Rich.
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves, roots
Injured/infected eyes, dermatitis, diarrhea [144]
Hypericum
quartinianumA.Rich.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots,
branches
Rheumatism, diarrhea [99]
Hypericum revolutum
Vahl
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Joint pains, diarrhea, rheumatism, wounds [99,109]
Psorospermum
febrifugumSpach
Shrub/
tree
Fruit,
bark/stem/leaf
Acaricide, fattening (goats, rams) [133,144]
Psorospermum
orientale(Engl.) Byng
& Christenh.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Tonic [142]
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis obtusaBurch.
ex Ker Gawl.
Herb Roots Baby/children skin rashes, stomach medicine [140,168]
Icacinaceae
Apodytes dimidiata
E.Mey. ex Arn.
Shrub/
tree
Seeds, fruits,
roots, bark
General body weakness, joints pains/weakness,
sore throat, malaria, chest pains, tonic,
stomachache, anthelmintic, diarrhea, internal
injuries, blood clot in muscles, livestock diseases,
spleen pain and enlargement
[67,77,140,152]
Pyrenacantha
kaurabassanaBaill.
Herb Tubers
Jiggers, boils, rashes, aphrodisiac, fetus
development, labor pains, veterinary medicine
[142,150]
Pyrenacantha
malvifoliaEngl.
Herb
Induce vomiting in pregnant women or those
suspected to have malaria
[92]
Iridaceae
Gladiolus daleniiVan
Geel
Herb Roots
Meningitis, malaria, diarrhea, asthma, allergy,
joint pains, rheumatism
[98,118,140]
Juncaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 60 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Juncus oxycarpus
E.Mey. ex Kunth
Herb Flowers Colds, chest pains [67]
Lamiaceae
Aeollanthus repens
Oliv.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Eye diseases, mouth thrush [141]
Ajuga integrifolia
Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don
Herb
Leaves,
aerial parts,
whole plant,
stems, roots
Malaria, menstrual pains, indigestion, abdominal
pains, boils, chronic joint pains, amoeba,
back/bone problems, bites, cough, colds/u,
headache, livestock diseases, rheumatism,
typhoid, arthritis, fever, gonorrhea, toothache,
epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, acidity, nausea,
pneumonia, body pains, dysentery, stomachache,
retained placenta, anaplasmosis, mastitis, ECF
(cows), Newcastle disease (poultry),
helminthiasis (cows, poultry, goats, sheep, pigs),
lung diseases (cows, goats, sheep, poultry),
anthelmintic, tonsils (cattle), indigestion,
menstrual problems, convulsions, dermatitis,
liver problems, hypertension, afterbirth pains,
measles
[7,14,41,64,66
68,73,74,77,84
87,101,103,104,107,110,
115,122,129,130,138,141,
143,144,147,153,154,168]
Clerodendrum
hildebrandtiiVatke
Shrub/
tree
Roots Chest medicine, general medicine [134,142]
Clerodendrum
johnstoniiOliv.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, shoots
Malaria, hypertension, heart pains, joint pains,
toothache, body pains, abdominal pains,
aphrodisiac, dysmenorrhea, general weakness,
stomach upsets/pains
[14,88,99,101,104,141,
145,147,152]
Clerodendrum
rotundifoliumOliv.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, bark
Malaria, stomachache, fever [104,143]
Clinopodium
abyssinicum(Benth.)
Kuntze
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Cough, headache, indigestion, anodyne, eye
diseases, abdominal pains
[7,132,141]
Clinopodium uhligii
(Gürke) Ryding
Herb/
shrub
Constipation, headache, chest congestion [7,86]
Coleus aegyptiacus
(Forssk.) A.J.Paton
Herb/
shrub
Stomachache, prenatal care, stomach after giving
birth
[77,127]
Coleus barbatus
(Andrews) Benth. ex
G.Don
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Abdominal pains, diarrhea, vomiting, malaria,
stomachache, joint pains, constipation, headache,
backache, protrusion of bowels, livestock
diseases, body swellings/legs, joint pain, liver
diseases, skin rashes, stomach upsets, dysentery,
amoeba, arthritis, bilharzia, brucellosis, cough,
colds/u, dental problems, eczema, eye
problems, hypertension HIV/AIDs, injuries/cuts,
wounds, neutralizes poison, rheumatism,
typhoid, anthelmintic, retained placenta,
constipation, tonic, sprains, stiff neck, muscle
cramp, colic pain in infants, eyes, oral thrush,
measles, snakebites, skin growths, tooth/gum
aches, pneumonia, biopesticide, rst abortion,
vomiting, pneumonia (cow), fractures, dysentery,
chest problems, skin diseases, abscess, warts,
acaricide, indigestion, painful teeth, mouth ulcers,
tetanus, disinfectant, asthma, allergy, strength,
purgative, gonorrhea, eye ailments, induce blood
production, dermatitis, earache, skin damaged
(cow)
[7,41,73,74,79,81,84,86
88,96,98,100,101,106,109,
111,113,115,116,119
122,129,132,133,136,141,
144,146,147,152,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 61 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Coleus caninus
(B.Heyne ex Roth)
Vatke
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Cough, liver diseases, livestock diseases,
toothache
[7,77,99]
Coleus cylindraceus
(Hochst. ex Benth.)
A.J.Paton
Herb
Whole plant,
stems
Morning sickness, general body weakness, peptic
ulcers, livestock diseases, prevent rst abortion
[7,81,139]
Coleus hadiensis
(Forssk.) A.J.Paton
Herb
Leaves,
stems
Childbirth [72]
Coleus igniarius
Schweinf.
Shrub Bark Malaria, livestock diseases, strength [77,104,136]
Coleus lactiorus
Vatke
Shrub Aerial parts Acaricide, stomach trouble [133,142]
Coleus lasianthus
Gürke
Herb Whole plant Kwashiorkor, edema in children [51]
Coleus maculosus
(Lam.) A.J.Paton
Herb Roots Stomachache, strength [7,136]
Coleus otostegioides
(Schweinf. ex Gürke)
A.J.Paton
Herb/
shrub
Whole plant Kwashiorkor, edema in children [51]
Coleus prostratus
(Gürke) A.J.Paton
Herb Whole plant Skin problems [118]
Coleus succulentusPaxHerb
Leaves,
stems
Abscesses [94]
Coleus sylvestris
(Gürke) A.J.Paton &
Phillipson
Herb/
shrub
Leaves
Wounds, livestock diseases, allergies, amoebiasis,
diarrhea, painkiller, toothache, typhoid,
constipation, strength
[7,41,136,152]
Coleus umbrosusVatkeHerb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Smallpox, tonic, livestock diseases, emetic,
diarrhea, stomachache
[7,51,142,168]
Endostemon tereticaulis
(Poir.) M.R.Ashby
Herb
Roots,
shoots
Malaria, edema, diarrhea, backpains [51]
Equilabium
kamerunense(Gürke)
Mwany. & A.J.Paton
Shrub Whole plant Stomachache [7]
Equilabium laxiorum
(Benth.) Mwany. &
A.J.Paton
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Anthelmintic, sore throat, purgative, infertility,
eye diseases, abortifacient
[99,141]
Fuerstia africana
T.C.E.Fr.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant, shoots
Malaria, snakebites, pneumonia, ulcers, infertility,
mouth inammation in children, respiratory
disorders, ringworm, abscesses, ophthalmia,
problems, skin complaints, colds, heartburn, oral
thrush, livestock diseases, diabetes mellitus,
stomachache, urinary infections, ulcers,
gonorrhea, venereal diseases, postpartum
hemorrhage, prevent rst/second trimester
abortion, pregnancy edema, pregnancy anemia,
eyes infection, colorectal cancer, oral infections,
anthelmintic, respiratory disorders, internal
injury, swollen legs, wounds, bloody diarrhea,
mouth ulcers, boils, STIs, cuts, toothache, tonic,
infant postpartum care, sore/red eyes, ear
diseasesfemale conditions, dandruffs, sore throat,
chest complaints, kidney
[7,67,71,74,81,82,85,86,
88,91,94,97,99,101
104,115,117,119,122,126,
140,141,152,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 62 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Hoslundia opposita
Vahl
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Prenatal care, convulsions, tonic, asthma, cough,
colds/u, typhoid, snakebite, aphrodisiac,
constipation, sore throat, postpartum
hemorrhage, prevent rst trimester abortion,
vomiting, acaricide, colic pain in children, ameba,
oral thrush/wounds, cuts, pimples/scabies,
itches/rashes, anthelmintic, stomach pains, sores,
ulcers, boils, hiccups, hemorrhoids, diabetes,
blood purier, child delivery, snakebites, edema,
malaria
[7,41,51,64,75,81,84,91,
111,112,127,131,133,144,
145,148,150]
Hyssopus ofcinalisL.
(exotic)
Herb/
shrub
Cough, colds, sore throat, nose blocking,
indigestion
[168]
Leonotis nepetifolia(L.)
R.Br.
Herb
Leaves,
buds, whole
plant, roots,
aerial parts
Malaria, wounds, heart problems, stomachache,
lungs/kidneys/liver problems, cough, toothache,
boils, heartburn, oral thrush, acidity, anthelmintic,
vomiting, diarrhea, gonorrhea, acaricide,
gastrointestinal problems, abortion, anaplasmosis
in cattle, insect bites, skin diseases, colds,
bleeding during pregnancy, conjunctivitis,
headache and body weakness, eye treatment,
fever, problems in passing urine
[7,14,67,76,79,81,86,123,
124,133,136,138,142
144,147,152,168]
Leonotis ocymifolia
(Burm.f.) Iwarsson
Shrub
Bark, roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Wounds, teething, amoeba, back/joint/bone
problems, cough, colds/u, dental problems,
diarrhea, indigestion, appetizer, malaria,
rheumatism, ulcers, anthelmintic
(human/animals), antiseptic, skin rashes, blood
purier, dysentery, chest congestion, diabetes,
gall sickness, stomach pains, diarrhea, urinary
problems, sore lips and tongue, anaplasmosis
(cattle), insect bites, skin diseases, venereal
diseases, fever, edema, problems in passing urine
[7,41,67,84,86,89,99,109,
115,129,138,140,142,144,
152,168]
Leucas calostachys
Oliv.
Shrub
Roots, bark,
leaves
Colds, cough, diarrhea, malaria, respiratory
problems, headache, tonic, pneumonia, sprains,
heartburn, peptic ulcers, abdominal distension,
colic pain in infants, amoeba, hypertension, renal
disorders, skin disorders, cancer, arthritis,
acaricide, stomachache, gastrointestinal problems,
expectorant, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pains,
hernia, cuts, wounds, livestock (diarrhea, chest
problems)
[7,79,86,87,101,105,120,
125,133,141144]
Leucas deexaHook.f. Herb Eye infection in livestock [125]
Leucas glabrata(Vahl)
Sm.
Herb Root Child's tonic [142]
Leucas grandisVatke
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Wounds, tonic, colds, persistent skin disease,
anthelmintic, ear infection, abdominal pains,
ringworms, stomachache, diarrhea, anaplasmosis
in cattle, anti-acid, earache, thrush (in children)
and sores
[7,14,74,84,120,141,144,
168]
Leucas jamesiiBaker Shrub Leaves Cholera, stomachache [92]
Leucas martinicensis
(Jacq.) R.Br.
Herb Leaves
Eye problems, wounds, liver problems,
gastrointestinal troubles, constipation,
stomachache, black tongue, eye ailments, edema,
fever, snakebite
[7,95,109,144]
Leucas tomentosa
Gürke
Shrub Roots Dysentery, stomachache, purgative [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 63 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Mesosphaerum
pectinatum(L.)
Kuntze
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots
Molluscoid, stomachache, diarrhea, skin
problems, gastrointestinal problems, oral thrush,
fever in animals
[7,119,122,143,144]
Mesosphaerum
suaveolens(L.) Kuntze
Herb Leaves Skin wounds, fungal infections [118]
Micromeria imbricata
(Forssk.) C.Chr.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
stems,
leaves,
whole plant
Chest pains, pimples, mouth inammation,
livestock diseases, teeth problem, pneumonia,
stomachache, gastroenteritis, cough, colds
[7,109,131,152,168]
Nepeta azureaR.Br. ex
Benth.
Herb Leaves Backache, livestock diseases [7]
Ocimum americanum
L.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Malaria, delayed/protracted labor, postpartum
hemorrhage, prevent rst/second trimester
abortion, vomiting, pregnancy edema, stomach
complaints, mosquito repellant
[81,100,104,134]
Ocimum basilicumL. Herb
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Headache, morning sickness, allergies, bites,
cough, colds/u, anthelmintic, nasal/bronchial
catarrh, stomachache, constipation, vermifuge,
diabetes mellitus, malaria, eye ailments,
gastrointestinal problems, headaches, itching
skin/rashes, repel insects (termites, eas, mites,
weevils, mosquitoes), abdominal pains, pain
relief, rectal problems, pregnancy and child birth
problems
[7,14,41,64,77,79,84,85,
91,102,111,112,115,129,
141,143,147]
Ocimum gratissimum
L.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots, bark
Headache, diarrhea, toothache, swelling of the
body, chronic joint pains, chest pains, cough,
colds/u, fever, ear/nose/throat problems,
general body weakness, malaria, rheumatism,
anthelmintic, skin infection, stomachache,
insecticide, body rash, pesticide of stored grains,
pneumonia, mosquito repellent, colorectal cancer,
bronchitis, stomach ulcers, throat infections,
constipation, abdominal pain, sore eyes, hiccups,
hemorrhoids, control termites, runny nose, ulcers
[7,14,41,64,74,76,84,90,
99,111,115,117,119,122,
127,129,130,141,142,145
147,168]
Ocimum
kilimandscharicum
Gürke
Herb
Leaves,
roots, stems,
shoots
Nasal congestion, colds, u, insect bites, general
pains, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation,
cough, eye problems, congested chest, measles,
stomachache, repel insects, diabetes, sore eyes,
acaricide, wounds, respiratory problems, fevers,
abdominal pains
[7,86,96,101,106,122,125,
133,139,142,147,168]
Ocimum lamiifolium
Hochst. ex Benth.
Herb Leaves
Respiratory disorders and common ailments,
stomachache
[14,168]
Ocimum spectabile
(Gürke) A.J.Paton
Shrub Leaves Asthma, cough, colds/u, eye lotion [41,77]
Orthosiphon
thymiorus(Roth)
Sleesen
Herb Leaves Stomach and oral cavity infections [123]
Platostoma africanum
P.Beauv.
Herb Shoots Mouth thrush, sore throat [144]
Platostoma
hildebrandtii(Vatke)
A.J.Paton & Hedge
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Colds, wounds [7]
Premna chrysoclada
(Bojer) Gürke
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Diarrhea, prenatal care, convulsions, induce
conception, dysentery, kidney trouble, purgative,
fevers, female reproductive disorder, malaria
[75,127,134,142,150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 64 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Premna hildebrandtii
Gürke
Shrub/
liana
Leaves,
roots
Convulsions, diarrhea, stomachache [127,142]
Premna oligotricha
Baker
Shrub Roots Joint/bone pain [77]
Premna resinosa
(Hochst.) Schauer
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Fever, venereal diseases, fever, malaria, mosquito
repellant, joint pains
[77,80,127,129]
Premna serratifoliaL.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Headache [142]
Rotheca microphylla
(Blume) Callm. &
Phillipson
Shrub Rots, leaves
Convulsions, headache, vomiting,
gastrointestinal gas, cerebral malaria, postnatal
problems
[127,142,150]
Rotheca myricoides
(Hochst.) Steane &
Mabb.
Shrub
Roots, bark,
leaves,
shoots
Sore throat, ear infections, malaria, gonorrhea,
syphilis, aphrodisiac, STIs, venereal diseases,
diarrhea, polio, joint pains, abscesses, back/bone
pains, burns, cough, colds/u, tonsilitis, arthritis,
typhoid, rheumatism, emetic, gonorrhea,
heartburn, oral thrush, cancer, throat cancer,
diabetes mellitus, polio, abortions, headache,
clean the womb, diabetes, gland complications,
respiratory diseases, stomachache,
gastrointestinal disorders, lumbago, venereal
diseases, pneumonia, sore throat, ear problems,
u, dysentery, diarrhea, headache, eye infections,
chest pains, bronchitis, indigestion, infertility,
amoebic dysentery, anthelmintic, rheumatism,
acaricide, venereal diseases, typhoid, asthma,
strength, splenic pain and enlargement, enema
against extreme body weakness due to chronic
diseases, abdominal pains, threatened
miscarriage, joint diseases, stimulate spasms
during childbirth, menstrual pains, tonic, mental
illness, abdominal pains during menses,
HIV/AIDs, retained placenta, rabies, measles, TB,
colic, eye disease, swellings, wounds, asthma,
aphrodisiac, labor pains, poultry fever, ECF in
livestock, toothache, purgative
[14,41,6668,72,77,79,83
86,91,94,97
99,101,103,105,107,113,
116,119,120,123,124,129,
130,132,133,135
144,146,147,149,154,168]
Salvia coccinea
Buc'hoz ex Etl.
(exotic)
Herb Leaves
Menstrual overow, ulcers, bad eye,
breast/esophageal/colorectal cancer
[117,147]
Salvia leucanthaCav.
(exotic)
Shrub
Shoots,
leaves
Burns, edema [144]
Salvia rosmarinus
Spenn. (exotic)
Shrub
Leaves,
stems
Chest problems, cough, colds/u, pneumonia,
retarded memory, rheumatism, stomachache,
stress, inappetence, smelly body/feet
[41,74,119,147]
Tetradenia urticifolia
(Baker) Phillipson
Shrub
Stems,
leaves,
roots,
Malaria, inappetence, amoeba, catalyzes
vomiting, dental problems, general body pains,
heartburns, livestock diseases, malaria,
pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach disorders,
cough, colds, u, bronchitis, stomach upsets,
atulence, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, fevers, boils,
mumps, stomach ailments, constipation, body
pains, burns/scalds, anaplasmosis (cow,
ruminants), trypanosomiasis (cow, goat),
miscarriage (cow), cataract, abdominal pains,
cough in cattle and goats, vomiting, asthma,
edema, anthelmintic
[7,14,41,73,105,121,141,
142,144,146,147]
Plants2023,12, 1145 65 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Tinnea aethiopica
Kotschy ex Hook.f.
Shrub
Whole plant,
roots, leaves,
fruits
Abdominal pains, constipation, eye lotion,Chira,
acaricide, stomach upsets, gastrointestinal
complaints in children, measles
[76,77,127,133,143,145,
150]
Vitex donianaSweet Tree
Leaves,
fruits, bark
Diarrhea, vomiting, whooping cough, acaricide,
allergies, colds, cancer of breast and prostate
glands, vitamin supplements, wounds
[84,98,120,133,144,147]
Vitex ferruginea
Schumach. & Thonn.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, roots Appetite, gastrointestinal complaints [150]
Vitex scheriGürke Tree
Leaves, bark
Livestock diseases, acaricide, anti-acid, fever,
infectionstomachache
[14,41,133,144]
Vitex payos(Lour.)
Merr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Venereal diseases, amoeba, back/joint/bone
problems, chest problems, dental problems,
diarrhea, increase blood, typhoid
[41,127]
Volkameria eriophylla
(Gürke) Mabb. &
Y.W.Yuan
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Swollen testicles, otitis, earache, anthelmintic,
amoeba, stomachache, snake bites, malaria,
edema
[51,74,103,104,142]
Lauraceae
Kuloa usambarensis
(Engl.) Tromov &
Rohwer
Tree
Bark, leaf,
roots
Back pain, asthma, cancer, cardiac disorders,
cough, colds/u, dizziness, hypertension, joints,
malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism, typhoid,
anthelmintic, chest pains, appetizer, whooping
cough, body ache, swelling, tumors, measles,
muscular contractions, disturbed breathing,
stomachache, antidote, aphrodisiac, clearing
throat, relaxation
[14,41,103,104,113,145
147,168]
Persea americanaMill.
(exotic)
Tree
Bark, seeds,
roots, leaves,
fruits
Toothache, anemia, invigorant, amoeba, blood
purier, cancer, cough, colds/u, dental
problems, ear-nose-throat problems, energy boost,
headache, immune booster, increase blood,
malaria, prostate cancer, rheumatism, skin
diseases, stomach disorders, diabetes,
colorectal/skin/breast cancer, skin, gut problems,
STIs, toothache, cholesterol control
[14,41,83,88,116,117,119,
152]
Lecythidaceae
Barringtonia racemosa
(L.) Spreng.
Tree Bark Fish poison [142]
Fabaceae
Abrus fruticulosus
Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
Shrub Roots Pneumonia [84]
Abrus precatoriusL. Shrub
Leaves,
roots, seeds,
whole plant
Eye problems, asthma, septic swelling,
gynecological pains, venereal diseases, colds,
cough, stomachache, diabetes mellitus, febrifuge,
fever, throat, skin cancer, gonorrhea, emetic,
inamed breasts during breast-feeding, family
planning, emetic, poison, asthma, epilepsy, heart
pain, snakebites, venereal diseases, malaise
[75,76,85,95,100,108,117,
119,127,134,142,143,150]
Acacia mearnsiiDe
Wild. (exotic)
Tree
Leaves,
stems, bark,
roots
Typhoid, chronic joint pains, chickenpox, dental
problems, measles, skin diseases, smallpox,
toothaches, wounds from poisoned arrows,
cough (cows, goats, sheep, poultry, pig,
ruminants)
[41,73,130,146,147,152]
Aeschynomene
abyssinica(A.Rich.)
Vatke
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
bark, roots
Heartburn, chest pain, cough,
uterine/skin/squamous cell carcinoma of the
gums
[117,120,140]
Plants2023,12, 1145 66 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Afzelia quanzensis
Welw.
Tree Roots, bark
Chest pains, stomachache, postnatal care, chest
pain, snakebites, excessive menstruation
[127,150]
Albizia amara(Roxb.)
B.Boivin
Tree
Bark,
branches,
fruits, roots,
stem
Muscle and bodybuilding, indigestion, smooth
baby skin and softens baby faces, back/bone
problems, cough, colds/u, chest problems,
joints, malaria, peptic ulcers, hypertension,
female infertility, stomachache, emetic, wounds,
joint diseases, typhoid, piles, diarrhea, gonorrhea,
ulcers, dandruff, cancer
[14,41,64,84,86,103,104,
107,128,135,142,149]
Albizia anthelmintica
(A.Rich.) Brongn.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves,
aerial parts
Malaria, stomachache, backache, emetic, induce
bile release from the gall bladder, purgative, tonic,
helminthiasis, diarrhea, convulsions, allergies,
amoeba, joint/bone pain, general body pains,
gonorrhea, headache, women's health, wounds,
syphilis, arthritis, u/cold, pneumonia,
brucellosis, anthelmintic (human, animals), runny
nose, cough, skin diseases, asthma, snakebite,
aphrodisiac, venereal diseases, edema, eye
problems, retained placenta, abdominal pains,
tonic, fever, liver diseases (poultry), cattle
diseases (eye injuries, cough, bloat)
[14,41,51,64,67,68,72,80,
84,90,92,96,100,102,105,
107,110,121,127,128,132,
134,135,137
139,141,142,150,168]
Albizia coriariaWelw.
ex Oliv.
Tree
Roots, bark,
stems,
leaves
TB, genital thrush, gonorrhea, malaria, STIs,
venereal diseases, pneumonia, menorrhagia,
postpartum hemorrhage, sore eyes, livestock
respiratory diseases, breast/uterine/skin cancer,
diarrhea, stomachache, eye problems, boils, u,
colic pains, abdominal discomfort, constipation,
infertility, anthelmintic, joints/backbone, cardiac
conditions, kidney ailments, acaricide,
gastrointestinal conditions, threatened abortion,
whooping cough, anthrax, jaundice
[66,76,79,82,104,116
118,124,133,143,144]
Albizia glaberrima
(Schumach. &
Thonn.) Benth.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Headache, stomachache [120]
Albizia grandibracteata
Taub.
Tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Gonorrhea, headache, stomachache, acaricide [120,125,133]
Albizia gummifera
(J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits,
leaves, gum
Oral thrush, postpartum bleeding, STIs,
stomachache, malaria, liver diseases, abdominal
ulcers, amoeba, back/joint/bone problems, chest
problems, pneumonia, rheumatism, TB, typhoid,
skin disorders, throat/skin cancer, gut problems,
cough, u, anthelmintic, ringworms, HIV/AIDs,
dental care, acaricide, immune booster
[14,41,67,74,84,8789,
101,103,104,116,117,119,
125,129,141,142,145,168]
Albizia versicolor
Welw. ex Oliv.
Tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, chest pains, venereal diseases [127]
Albizia zygia(DC.)
J.F.Macbr.
Tree Bark Pneumonia [98]
Astragalus atropilosulus
(Hochst.) Bunge
Herb Uterine pains after childbirth [67]
Bauhinia taitensis
Taub.
Shrub Roots
Joint problems, malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism,
sores, wounds
[41,80]
Bauhinia tomentosaL.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark Retained placenta, cough, malaria [14,80,146]
Bauhinia variegataL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Meat allergy, allergy rash [144]
Plants2023,12, 1145 67 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Biancaea decapetala
(Roth) O.Deg.
Shrub Roots
Skin infections, urinary tract infections, gum
aches, poisonous, toothache, stomachache
[14,123,142,144,147]
Cadia purpurea
(G.Piccioli) Aiton
Shrub Bark Poison, ees and parasites [77,136]
Cajanus cajan(L.)
Huth
Shrub
Leaves,
roots,
branches,
seeds
Allergies, joint pains, amoeba, bites, malaria,
snakebites, stomach disorders, u, constipation,
weight loss, stomachache, tonsils, eye/ear
problems, infertility, nausea in pregnant women
[41,84,105,130,139,146,
150,151]
Calpurnia aurea
(Aiton) Benth.
Shrub/
tree
Poisonous [142]
Canavalia ensiformis
(L.) DC.
Liana Root Urinary problem, passing blood in urine [144]
Cassia abbreviataOliv. Tree
Aerial parts,
bark, roots,
leaves, pods
Malaria, diabetes mellitus, chest pain, muscular
pain, fever, ulcers, goat medicine, hypertension,
hemostatic, yellow fever, typhoid fever. fatigue,
body aches, inammatory skin diseases, painful
joints, menstrual cramps, aphrodisiac, venereal
disease, stomachache, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy, retained placenta,
toothache, cough, gonorrhea, kidney pains, colds,
pain in joints
[51,85,100,128,139,142,
145,148,150,151]
Chamaecrista
hildebrandtii(Vatke)
Lock
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Gastrointestinal problems, body pain including
bones and joints, stomachache
[79,140,143]
Chamaecrista kirkii
(Oliv.) Standl.
Herb
Leaves,
shoots
Wounds, meat allergy, skin rashes, men infertility,
livestock black water
[144]
Chamaecrista nigricans
(Vahl) Greene
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Stomachache, anthelmintic [76]
Craibia brevicaudata
(Vatke) Dunn
Shrub/
tree
Roots Hypertension [127]
Craibia browniiDunn Tree Roots Cough [80]
Craibia zimmermannii
(Harms) Dunn
Tree
Bark, leaves,
stems
high blood pressure, fever, anthelmintic, animals
(constipation)
[145]
Crotalaria agatiora
Schweinf.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Wounds, backache, colds, dirty body system, skin
infections, STIs, gonorrhea, urinary infections,
gastrointestinal problems [109,115,142,143,152,168]
Crotalaria axillaris
Aiton
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Sore eyes, fever, stomach upsets [100,142,145]
Crotalaria brevidens
Benth.
Herb
Stomachache, body swellings, gastrointestinal
conditions, conjunctivitis in children
[79,95,99,143]
Crotalaria incanaL. Herb
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Stomach upsets (constipation, dyspepsia), cough,
anemia, strength, chest pains, purgative, proper
placement of baby in womb, sore throat, mouth
rushes, wounds
[72,88,91,136,141,144]
Crotalaria keniensis
Baker f.
Shrub Roots Fever [109]
Crotalaria laburnifolia
L.
Herb Roots Helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig) [73]
Crotalaria
lachnocarpoidesEngl.
Herb/
shrub
Root Sore throat [140]
Crotalaria mauensis
Baker f.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Mouth infection in babies, asthma, urinary
infections
[109,147,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 68 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Crotalaria natalitia
Meisn.
Herb/
shrub
Strength, cough, chest pain [136]
Crotalaria pallida
Aiton
Herb Roots Oral infections [119]
Crotalaria polysperma
Kotschy
Herb Vomiting, diarrhea [132]
Cynometra webberi
Baker f.
Tree Leaves Children's diseases [127]
Dalbergia boehmii
Taub.
Shrub/
tree
Roots General body pains, diarrhea, induce labor pains [127]
Dalbergia lacteaVatke
Shrub/
liana
Roots,
leaves
STIs, diabetes, managing pain and inammation,
back pains, liver pains, gonorrhea
[113,115,154,168]
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Guill. & Perr.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Gastrointestinal pains, prenatal care, tonsils,
venereal diseases, artery problems,
back/joint/bone pains, chest problems,
cough/colds/u, dental problems, malaria,
pneumonia, rheumatism, typhoid, tonic, liver
problems
[41,84,100,127,129,134]
Dalbergia microphylla
Chiov.
Shrub Leaves Mouth ulcers [142]
Delonix elata(L.)
Gamble (exotic)
Tree Bark Livestock diseases, wounds [14,51,80]
Delonix regia(Bojer ex
Hook.) Raf.
Tree Bark STIs, stomachache [144]
Dichrostachys cinerea
(L.) Wight & Arn.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
branches
Diarrhea, prenatal care, cough, convulsions,
anesthesia, ulcers, gonorrhea, malaria, poisonous,
scorpion stings, snakebites, bones, injuries to
reduce swelling, colds, asthma, toothache,
gastrointestinal problems, constipation, amoebic
dysentery, body pains
[51,89,104,111,112,127,
134,142,143,150]
Dolichos compressus
R.Wilczek
Herb Roots Infertility [120]
Dolichos
kilimandscharicus
Taub.
Herb
Roots,
stems,
leaves
Acaricide [133]
Dolichos oliveri
Schweinf.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Poisonous, dementia, epilepsy; fever in livestock [77,142,143]
Entada abyssinica
Steud. ex A.Rich.
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Scabies, u, infertility, cough, anthelmintic, body
aches, dysentery, stomachache, edema, diarrhea,
STIs, TB, childbirth, joint/backbones, cardiac
conditions, kidney ailments, cancer, veterinary
uses, acaricide, sprained muscles/limbs, body
swelling, heart ailments
[66,87,88,116,118,120,
125,133,143,144]
Entada leptostachya
Harms
Liana
Roots, bark,
leaves,
exudate
Tuberculosis, cough, boils, abscesses,
cuts/wounds, amoeba, eye problems, knee
problems, STIs, stomachache, snakebites/spits,
arrow poison, polio, back pain, anthelmintic
(human, animals), malaria, anemia, hemorrhage,
high fever, madness, gastroenteritis, epilepsy,
helps increase milk letdown, edema, snake
repellent, swollen legs, body pains and
hemorrhage in pregnant women, retained
placenta, abdominal pains, eye injury, food
poisoning, internal injury
[14,41,51,72,80,84,94,96,
100,139,142,151,153]
Plants2023,12, 1145 69 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Eriosema glomeratum
(Guill. & Perr.)
Hook.f.
Herb Roots Fever [144]
Eriosema robustum
Baker
Shrub Roots Cough [144]
Erythrina abyssinica
Lam.
Tree
Stems, roots,
bark
Swollen lymph glands, abdominal/colic pain in
children, chickenpox, infertility, malaria, urinary
tract infections, cancerous wounds, stomach
pains, postpartum pain, mouth, laxative, internal
injuries, pneumonia, STIs, abscesses, allergies,
amoeba, antidote, back/joint/bone problems,
bilharzia, cancer, cholera, cough, colds/u,
dental problems, diarrhea, ear-nose-throat
problems, general body pains, increase blood,
injuries/cuts/wounds, livestock diseases, male
paralysis, measles, medicine antidote, prostrate
problems, rheumatism, RVF, stomach disorders,
typhoid, ulcers, uterus problems, vomiting,
whooping cough, anthelmintic, arthritis,
toothache, chest pains, peptic ulcers,
hypertension, mumps, gonorrhea, snakebites,
amoeba, diarrhea, pregnancy anemia, pregnancy
edema, anaplasmosis (cow, ruminant),
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
skin diseases, stomachache, mumps, body
swellings, chest problems, blood cleanser,
evacuation of bowels, anemia, fever, liver
inammation, acaricide, eye infection, syphilis,
abdominal pains, tonic, skin sores/ulcers and
swellings, allergy, gonorrhea, diabetes, gout, liver
disorder, epilepsy, swelling of legs, anthrax, cattle
cough and bloat, elephantiasis, kidney problems,
menstrual problems
[14,41,66,67,73,74,81,84,
86,87,91,94,99,101,102,
105,110,113,116,119,120,
123,129,133,135,138,140
147,151,153,154,168]
Erythrina excelsa
Baker
Tree
Bark, roots,
exudate
Snakebites, STIs, loose stool [118,126,143]
Erythrina
melanacanthaTaub. ex
Harms
Tree Bark
Stomachache, venereal diseases, eradicate mites
from chicken/cattle, chest pain, colds, cough,
snakebites
[14,80,146]
Erythrophleum
suaveolens(Guill. &
Perr.) Brenan
Tree Bark, seeds Poisonous [142]
Faidherbia albida
(Delile) A.Chev.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits Cancer, liver enlargement [91,132]
Gelrebia trothaei
(Harms) Gagnon &
G.P.Lewis
Shrub Fruits Poisonous [142]
Grona adscendens(Sw.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
Herb/
shrub
Stomachache [125]
Grona barbata(L.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
Herb Leaves Edema [144]
Grona setigera(E.Mey.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Strengthen sunken part of baby head and scalp
and bring head to normal shape
[144]
Guilandina bonducL. Liana
Seeds,
leaves, roots
Asthma, complications during menstruation,
miscarriage, internal blood clots in eyes
[127]
Plants2023,12, 1145 70 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Guilandina volkensii
(Harms) G.P.Lewis
Liana
Leaves,
roots, bark,
seeds
Eye problems, back pain in women,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism, STIs, typhoid,
anthelmintic, acidity, headache, general body
pains, fevers, venereal diseases, stomach ulcers,
sore throat, chest pain, stomachache
[14,41,84,95,103,104,107,
113,119,129,138,142,143,
146,147,168]
Hylodesmum repandum
(Vahl) H.Ohashi &
R.R.Mill
Herb Stomach upsets [125]
Indigofera ambelacensis
Schweinf.
Herb Roots Heart disease [99]
Indigofera arrecta
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Toothache, abdominal cramps/pains, malaria,
abortion, pain in urination, arthritis, chest pains,
cough, colds, asthma, diarrhea, skin rashes,
stomachache, anthelmintic, cancer, skin sores and
ulcers, anthrax, congested chest, sore throat,
aphrodisiac, retained placenta, hear problem,
kidney ailment, fever, edema
[14,86,88,91,99,105,115,
119,120,132,138,139,141
144,146,147,152,154,168]
Indigofera atriceps
Hook.f.
Herb Teeth problems [132]
Indigofera bogdanii
J.B.Gillett
Shrub Roots Joint pain, bone pain [77]
Indigofera circinella
Baker f.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Snakebites, cough, stomach problems, sore throat,
stomachache
[67,126,143,144]
Indigofera colutea
(Burm.f.) Merr.
Herb Shoots Kill mites, snakebites wounds [144]
Indigofera conjugata
Baker
Herb Leaves Chest problems [144]
Indigofera dendroides
Jacq.
Herb Leaves Fungal diseases [118]
Indigofera emarginella
Steud. ex A.Rich.
Herb/
shrub
Roots, stemsAcaricide [133]
Indigofera garckeana
Vatke
Shrub Roots Gonorrhea, joint pain [77]
Indigofera lupatana
Baker f.
Herb/
shrub
Roots
Cough, colds/u, epiglottis hair, anthelmintic,
malaria, pneumonia, backache, diarrhea,
constipation
[14,41,51,74,80,96]
Indigofera spicata
Forssk.
Herb
Roots, whole
plant, stems,
leaves
Cough, wounds, burns, diarrhea, sore throat [67,77,122,143]
Indigofera spinosa
Forssk.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Strength [77]
Indigofera swaziensis
Bolus
Shrub
Roots,
whole plant
Malaria, anthelmintic, body aches, weaknesses,
rheumatism, bone pain
[77,147]
Indigofera
tanganyikensisBaker f.
Herb Roots Baby diseases [140]
Indigofera tritaL.f.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Headache, stomachache [99,142]
Kotschya africana
Endl.
Shrub
Various
parts
Acaricide [133]
Lablab purpureus(L.)
Sweet
Herb Seeds, roots Lung disease in sheep, poisonous [168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 71 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Millettia duraDunn
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots
Allergies, cough, colds/u, malaria, typhoid,
anthelmintic, ECF in cattle, pneumonia, diarrhea,
amoeba, madness
[14,41,74,146]
Millettia usaramensis
Taub.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Coughs, chest pains [127]
Mucuna gigantea
(Willd.) DC.
Liana Leaves Cough [120]
Mucuna poggeiTaub. Liana
Bark, root,
aerial parts
Acaricide [133]
Mundulea sericea
(Willd.) A.Chev.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves Fish poison, jiggers [142,150]
Neonotonia wightii
(Wight & Arn.)
J.A.Lackey
Herb Leaves
Breast cancer, edema, excess bleeding after
miscarriage
[117,144]
Neorautanenia mitis
(A.Rich.) Verdc.
Herb Roots Abortifacients [141]
Newtonia buchananii
(Baker) G.C.C.Gilbert
& Boutique
Tree Bark, root
Malaria, anthelmintic, chest pains, gonorrhea,
blood pressure, anemia, immune booster, fatigue,
runny nose (cattle), colds, cough
[14,41,146]
Newtonia hildebrandtii
(Vatke) Torre
Tree Bark
Chest problems, dysentery, asthma and other
respiratory disorders, malaria, stomach disorders
[41,72,77,80,129]
Ormocarpum keniense
J.B.Gillett
Shrub Leaves Anthelmintic [80]
Ormocarpum kirkii
S.Moore
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaf
Postpartum bleeding, threatened abortion, cuts,
wounds, septic swelling, diabetes mellitus,
headache, swollen breasts, stomachache,
livestock stomach cleansing, diarrhea,
dislocations, joint swellings, malaria, colds
[14,85,90,100,105,127,
142,143,145]
Ormocarpum sennoides
(Willd.) DC.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, prenatal care, gynecological pains,
burns, children's diseases
[127]
Ormocarpum
trachycarpum(Taub.)
Harms
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, stems,
bark
Diarrhea, whooping cough, miscarriage, sunken
fontanelle, swellings, cough, tuberculosis
[67,76,107,140]
Ormocarpum
trichocarpum(Taub.)
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Ringworm, stomachache, ulcers, maintain
pregnancy, pregnancy cramps, gastrointestinal
disorders, bleeding after miscarriage, diarrhea,
stomach problems, dislocations, joint swellings
[67,71,77,79,94,96,106,
142,143]
Parkinsonia aculeataL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Roots Prevent miscarriage [144]
Philenoptera bussei
(Harms) Schrire
Tree Leaves Convulsions, venereal diseases, prenatal care [127]
Philenoptera eriocalyx
(Harms) Schrire
Tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Back/joint/bone problems, chest problems,
cough, colds/u, aphrodisiac, malaria,
pneumonia, eye infections, wounds, ulcers,
diabetes, blood pressure, stomachache,
waterborne diseases, gonorrhea, rheumatism,
digestion, chest pains
[14,41,80,84,100,104,129,
132,142,148]
Plants2023,12, 1145 72 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Piliostigma thonningii
(Schumach.)
Milne-Redh.
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Livestock medicine, asthma, TB, chronic joint
pains, amoeba, chest problems, cough, colds/u,
malaria, typhoid, dysentery, fever, respiratory
ailments, snakebites, hookworm, skin infections,
livestock respiratory symptoms, prolonged
menstruation, gonorrhea and other venereal
diseases, ear, stomachache, childbirth, fractures,
colic pains, acaricide, venereal diseases, chest
pains, bronchitis, diarrhea, blood pressure, cattle
medicine, wounds/ulcers, diuretic
[14,41,66,74,80,82,84,107,
112,116,120,130,133,142,
143]
Platycelyphium voense
(Engl.) Wild
Herb Bark Bone/joint pain, yellow fever, snake repellant [100,137]
Polhillides velutina
(Willd.) H.Ohashi &
K.Ohashi
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Sore eyes [112]
Pseudarthria hookeri
Wight & Arn.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Abdominal pains, diarrhea [87]
Pterolobium stellatum
(Forssk.) Brenan
Liana
Roots,
leaves
Colds, cough (asthma), splenomegaly,
stomachache, TB, chest pains, joint pains,
backache
[67,87,99,107,109,113,
138,142,168]
Rhynchosia elegans
A.Rich.
Herb Roots Cough, mental illness [98,143]
Rhynchosia hirta
(Andrews) Meikle &
Verdc.
Herb/
shrub
Ease child delivery, retained placenta [143]
Rhynchosia resinosa
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Baker
Shrub
Leaf, stems,
roots, bark
Acaricide [133]
Senegalia adenocalyx
(Brenan & Exell) Kyal.
& Boatwr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Septic swelling [127]
Senegalia ataxacantha
(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Shrub Roots, bark
Cough, pneumonia, malaria, eyes, boils,
back/joint ache, gonorrhea
[14,77,80,84,129]
Senegalia brevispica
(Harms) Seigler &
Ebinger
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
aerial parts
Wounds, ringworm, headache/fontanelle,
back/bone joints problems, giddiness, cough,
livestock diseases, malaria, stomachache,
diarrhea, itchy skin, rashes, removal of ganglion,
colic pain after meals, infertility, swollen
reproductive organs in men, anthelmintic,
jaundice in infants, swollen legs and body pains
during pregnancy, edema
[41,51,67,76,77,80,91,94,
96,100,106,137
141,143,168]
Senegalia hamulosa
(Benth.) Boatwr.
Shrub Bark Diarrhea [77]
Senegalia mellifera
(Benth.) Seigler &
Ebinger
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Appetizer, tonic, indigestion, postpartum tonic,
sore throat, ECF, convulsions, snakebites, joint
pains, cholera, asthma, gonorrhea, back/bone
problems, chest problems, cough, colds/u,
general body pains, malaria, wounds, STIs,
stomachache, infertility, pneumonia, syphilis,
rheumatism, back/joint ache, swollen legs,
diarrhea, purgative
[41,51,80,84,90
92,96,97,100,104,106,107,
110,127,129,130,138,139,
141,142,147,168]
Senegalia montigena
(Brenan & Exell) Kyal.
& Boatwr.
Shrub Roots Anthelmintic [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 73 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Senegalia persiciora
(Pax) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree Bark Colic pain [140]
Senegalia polyacantha
(Willd.) Seigler &
Ebinger
Tree Leaves Sores [168]
Senegalia senegal(L.)
Britton
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Indigestion, stomachache, purgative,
constipation, gonorrhea, diarrhea, abdominal
disorders, abortion, malaria, skin rashes, eye
medicine
[67,72,77,89,92,104,107,
115,136,142,148]
Senna bicapsularis(L.)
Roxb.
Shrub Leaves Diarrhea, relax infant's body [76]
Senna didymobotrya
(Fresen.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
leaves, bark,
stems, aerial
parts
Cathartic, malaria, back pain in women, STIs, joint
pain, eye infection, constipation,Chira, fever,
typhoid, allergies, amoeba, bone problems, chest
congestion, chickenpox, diarrhea, gall bladder,
general body pains, hard stool, heartburn, measles,
meat allergy, rheumatism, skin diseases, stomach
disorders, swellings, urinary system infections, oral
cavity infections, cancer, breast pain, skin swellings,
emetic, purgative, diabetes mellitus, anthrax, boils,
scurvy, mosquito/bee repellant, anaplasmosis (cow),
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
hepatitis, colorectal cancer, back pains, pimples,
pneumonia (cattle, human), skin rashes, tonsils,
headache, acaricide, ringworms, antihemorrhagic,
hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders,
pain/swelling of liver, anthelmintic (human,
animals), poisonous, stomachache, enhance
childbirth, constipation in cattle, skin care,
abdominal and menstruation pains, mental
problems, insecticide, asthma, gonorrhea, excess bile
[14,41,67,73,7679,84
87,91,99,101,103,104,108,
109,113,115,117,119,120,
123,129,131,133
135,138,140147,152
154,168]
Senna longiracemosa
(Vatke) Lock
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, stems
Stomachache, cough, malaria, headache, fever,
painkiller, abortifacient, vomiting, swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, abdominal pains
[14,72,77,80,139,142,145]
Senna obtusifolia(L.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Herb
Leaves,
seeds, roots
Children's medicine, abortifacient [91,142]
Senna occidentalis(L.)
Link
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, typhoid, fever,
backache, cough, chest pain, gastrointestinal
problems, gastric complaints, cathartic,
abdominal menstruation pains, fever and
dizziness (people, livestock), snakebites, kidney
problems, ECF, swollen testicles
[14,51,76,79,80,101,108,
111,118,119,122,124,143,
144,147,150]
Senna septemtrionalis
(Viv.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby (exotic)
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, seeds
Inhalant, anaplasmosis (cow), helminthiasis (cow,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig), retained placenta,
purgative, constipation, afterbirth pains,
stomachache
[66,73,99,168]
Senna siamea(Lam.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
(exotic)
Tree
Roots,
stems,
leaves
Snakebites, allergies, back/joint/bone problems,
cough, colds/u, headache, injuries/cuts,
wounds, malaria, TB, ulcers, gonorrhea, acaricide,
stomachache
[41,106,126,133,143,147]
Senna singueana
(Delile) Lock
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Prenatal care, general body pains, venereal
diseases, anthrax, chickenpox, cough, colds/u,
dental problems, indigestions, diabetes mellitus,
malaria, fevers, diarrhea, stomach disorders, sore
throat, anthelmintic, acaricide, anthrax,
elephantiasis
[14,41,68,77,84,85,127,
129,133,142,145,147]
Plants2023,12, 1145 74 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Senna spectabilis(DC.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
(exotic)
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Chronic joint pains, cramping, backbone, STIs,
venereal diseases, joint ailment
[106,116,130,144]
Sesbania macrantha
Welw. ex E.Phillips &
Hutch.
Shrub
Leaves,
stems
Acaricide [133]
Sesbania sesban(L.)
Merr.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
stems, roots,
whole plant,
bark, seeds
Stomach ailments, ulcers, tonic,
throat/uterine/skin cancer,Chira, u, childbirth,
poultry, genital infections, constipation, acaricide,
hunchback, jaundice, livestock blindness,
afterbirth pains, retained placenta
[66,76,77,116,117,119,
133,143,144]
Sophora tomentosaL. Shrub Fish poison [142]
Stylosanthes fruticosa
(Retz.) Alston
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Malaria, rst trimester abortion, pregnancy
edema
[81,96]
Tamarindus indicaL. Tree
Roots, fruits,
bark, leaves
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaria,
stomachache, headache, dizziness, snake
spits/bites, allergies, pimples, joint pains,
amoeba, back/bone problems, chickenpox,
cough, colds/u, eye problems, appetizer,
measles, ringworms, arthritis, gonorrhea, cancer,
diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, earache,
dysentery, fevers, asthma, leprosy, ulcers, liver
disease, acaricide, sores, ulcers, boils, rashes,
amenorrhea, throat infections, anthelmintic,
livestock diseases, laxative, tuberculosis, typhoid,
general body malaise, leech, pneumonia, anemia,
retained placenta, abdominal pain, tonsillitis,
smallpox, edema
[14,41,51,66,76,77,80,85,
88,96,98,99,106,110
112,121,124,127,132
134,137,139,141
147,150,151]
Tephrosia emeroides
A.Rich.
Herb Roots Cough [140]
Tephrosia interrupta
Hochst. & Steud. ex
Engl.
Shrub Leaves
Poultry for fever, induce lactation (cows), sore
throat
[144]
Tephrosia noctiora
Bojer ex Baker
Herb/
shrub
Roots Fever [77]
Tephrosia polyphylla
(Chiov.) J.B.Gillett
Herb Roots Fever [77]
Tephrosia purpurea(L.)
Pers.
Herb Roots Malaria [74]
Tephrosia unioraPers.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Fever [77]
Tephrosia villosa(L.)
Pers.
Herb Roots Prenatal care, cough, fever, malaria [51,127]
Tephrosia vogelii
Hook.f.
Herb
Roots,
leaves, fruits,
bark, seeds
Diseases, constipation, control of rodents
ectoparasites, crop pests, general ectoparasites
(cow, poultry), acaricide, sh poison
[73,74,133,142]
Teramnus labialis(L.f.)
Spreng.
Herb Roots Chira [76]
Trifolium baccarinii
Chiov.
Herb Leaves Infected gums [144]
Trifolium
rueppellianumFresen.
Herb Shoots Fever in animals, measles, anthelmintic [144]
Plants2023,12, 1145 75 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Tylosema fassoglense
(Kotschy ex
Schweinf.) Torre &
Hillc.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Epilepsy, infertility in women, renal disease,
cancer, epilepsy, constipation (huma, livestock),
gastrointestinal complications e.g., stomachache,
anemia, fever, jaundice, pneumonia,
hypertension, fever/joint pains in livestock,
acaricide, u, asthma, diabetes, obesity, venereal
diseases
[79,82,86,87,98,133,143,
144]
Vachellia abyssinica
(Hochst. ex Benth.)
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Spinal cord problem, body weakness, arthritis,
gastrointestinal distress, lumbago, wounds,
colds/u, skin problems
[68,84,109,116,143,154]
Vachellia
amythethophylla
(Steud. ex A.Rich.)
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Acaricide [133]
Vachellia ancistroclada
(Brenan) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark Indigestion, appetizer, tonic, malaria [92,138]
Vachellia
drepanolobium(Harms
ex Y.Sjöstedt)
P.J.H.Hurter
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
branches
Cleaning women after giving birth, postpartum
pain, infertility, tonic, uterine cleaning, TB,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
diarrhea, rheumatism, sore throat, diuretic,
retained placenta in (human, cows), babesiosis,
gastrointestinal problems, malaria, livestock
diseases, sore throat, stomachache
[41,67,68,73,77,90,92,105,
121,129,135,138,142,143,
168]
Vachellia elatior
(Brenan) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Tree Bark Diarrhea, stomach disorder, cough [67,77,142]
Vachellia etbaica
(Schweinf.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Tree
Bark, stems,
roots
Stomachache, colds, venereal diseases,
respiratory disorders, chest pains
[77,88,100,127,136]
Vachellia gerrardii
(Benth.) P.J.H.Hurter
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
roots, seeds
Retained placenta, prostrate problems, arthritis,
wounds from poisoned arrows, bone pain, joint
pain, backache, livestock diseases, digestion,
stomachache, after-delivery tonic
[41,71,77,121,123,135,
147,154]
Vachellia hockii(De
Wild.) Seigler &
Ebinger
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Cancer, STIs, childbirth, diarrhea, malaria, labor
cramps, stomachache, boils, swelling,
gynecological problems, abdominal/colic pains,
fecal impaction, astringent, colds/u,
gastrointestinal problems, cough, abscess,
whitlow, venereal diseases, joint ailments
[72,76,77,84,88,91,97,99,
118,136,140,141,143,144]
Vachellia horrida(L.)
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Shrub Bark Stomach disorders [77]
Vachellia kirkii(Oliv.)
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree Bark Abdominal pains [139]
Vachellia lahai(Steud.
& Hochst. ex Benth.)
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves, gum
Skin eruptions, astringent, stomachache,
toxemias of pregnancy and bowels
[88,91,120,132,141143]
Plants2023,12, 1145 76 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Vachellia nilotica(L.)
P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.
Tree
Bark, roots,
stems, seeds
Indigestion, tonic, painful joints/arthritis,
stomachache, wounds, body aches, stomachic,
stamina, stimulant, gonorrhea, chest pain, upper
respiratory diseases, stomachache, joint pains,
colds/u, cough, amoeba, arthritis, back/bone
problems, heartburn, burns, malaria, medicine
antidote, anthelmintic (human, cattle), eye
infection, diabetes, gastrointestinal complications,
babesiosis, pregnancy edema, women after
giving a birth, aphrodisiac, acaricide, diarrhea,
dysentery, leprosy, ulcers, cancers/tumors,
abdominal/colic pains, headache, tuberculosis,
constipation, venereal diseases, sores, rashes, sore
eyes, eyelids, liver enlargement, chest pains,
rms stool, typhoid, stomach upsets/ulcers,
spleen problems, kidney problems, fever, asthma,
broids, infertility, throat cleaning and bloat in
cattle, retained placenta, bleeding gums, sore
throat, tonsils, kwashiorkor
[14,41,51,67,68,71,72,77,
80,81,83,89
93,96,99,100,102,105
107,110,112,123,127,129,
130,132,133,135,138,139,
141,142,147151,168]
Vachellia oerfota
(Forssk.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub
Stems, bark,
roots, leaves,
seeds
Retained placenta, STIs, postpartum tonic,
facilitate lactation, rejuvenation, diarrhea,
women's stomach pain, hepatitis, fever,
gonorrhea, bone disease, gonorrhea, malaria,
rheumatism, typhoid, amoeba, joint diseases,
facilitate lactation, purgative, mouth blisters
[72,77,90,92,107,132,138,
142,149]
Vachellia paolii
(Chiov.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub Bark Skin diseases [142]
Vachellia reciens
(Wawra & Peyr.) Kyal.
& Boatwr.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots
Strengthener, appetizer, tonic/adaptogen,
laxative, stomach disorders, stomachache,
aphrodisiac
[77,90,99]
Vachellia robusta
(Burch.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Tree Roots, bark
Retained placenta, livestock diseases, chest pains,
colds, cough, bronchial obstruction, malaria
[90,92,98,100,127,135]
Vachellia seyal(Delile)
P.J.H.Hurter
Tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Diarrhea, cough, colds, blood cleanser, chronic
joint pains, amoeba, stomachache, livestock
diseases, headache, abdominal pains, induce
perspiration, appetizer, gastrointestinal problems,
malaria
[41,64,88,111,127,130,
132,135,141143,168]
Vachellia sieberiana
(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Tree
Bark,
branches,
fruits, roots,
stems
Given to women after delivery to help in healing,
acaricide
[133,135]
Vachellia stuhlmannii
(Taub.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Cholera, pneumonia, cough, sores, ulcers, boils [112,127]
Vachellia tortilis
(Forssk.) Galasso &
Ban
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits
Gonorrhea, malaria, stomachache,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
pancreatic diseases, pains, pneumonia, wounds,
fever, polio, protracted labor, bone
disease/strength, indigestion, clean kidneys,
cancer, diarrhea, chest pains, swollen legs,
retained placenta, abdominal pains/swelling,
mouth diseases/ulcers
[41,51,72,77,80,81,91,92,
97,100,104,106,129,138,
139,142,148]
Plants2023,12, 1145 77 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Vachellia xanthophloea
(Benth.) Ban &
Galasso
Tree Bark, roots
Pneumonia, appetizer, skin disorders, fatigue,
typhoid, diarrhea, stomach disorders, peptic
ulcers, amoeba, hypertension, renal disorders,
female infertility, mumps, cancer, arthritis, sore
throat (human), cough (livestock, human),
malaria, foot and mouth (ruminants, poultry,
cows), indigestion, constipation, colds, receding
gums, sore throat
[41,73,82,86,92,104,105,
138,142,152,168]
Vachellia zanzibarica
(S.Moore) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Stomachache, diarrhea, cough, asthma, septic
swelling, snakebites
[127]
Vigna schimperiBaker Herb Leaves Tonsils [144]
Vigna subterranea(L.)
Verdc.
Herb
Leaves,
seeds
Nutritional supplement [66]
Vigna unguiculata(L.)
Walp.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
seeds
Boils, conjunctivitis, poisonous [94,143,168]
Linaceae
Hugonia castaneifolia
Engl.
Shrub/
liana
Roots Snakebites, convulsions, colds [127,142]
Linderniaceae
Craterostigma
plantagineum Hochst.
Herb Toothache [143]
Loganiaceae
Strychnos henningsii
Gilg
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
branches,
bark
Arthritis, stomachache, malaria, body/joint/bone
pain, epilepsy, diabetes, back pain in women,
postpartum pain, amoeba, cough, colds/u,
headache, stomach disorders, swellings, typhoid,
anthelmintic, mosquito repellant, delayed labor,
prevent rst/second trimester abortion, vomiting,
pregnancy edema, pregnancy anemia,
postpartum hemorrhage, fever, induce abortion,
make arrow poison, rheumatism, chest pain,
strengthen bones, dysmenorrhea, impotence,
ulcers, muscular pains/swellings, diarrhea,
general body weakness, pneumonia, alcohol
hangover, swollen legs and body pains in
pregnancy, wounds, gastrointestinal complaints,
snakebites, constipation, kidney pains
[14,41,51,64,77,81,84,85,
93,96,99,100,102105,107,
113,129,130,135,138140,
142,146,147,149,151,168]
Strychnos innocua
Delile
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
seeds
Acaricide [133]
Strychnos
madagascariensisPoir.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, fruits Enhances conception and pregnancy, jiggers [127,150]
Strychnos spinosa
Lam.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, seeds,
leaves, bark
Stomach ailments, pneumonia, asthma, induce
labor pains, colds, u, acaricide, jiggers,
abortifacient, poisonous
[106,112,127,133,142]
Loranthaceae
Agelanthus oehleri
(Engl.) Polhill &
Wiens
Shrub
Shoots,
whole plant
Prevent miscarriage, enhance conception in
sterile women
[77,144]
Agelanthus pennatulus
(Sprague) Polhill &
Wiens
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Chest problems, malaria, fever, pneumonia, colds,
joint pain, stomach complications
[109]
Plants2023,12, 1145 78 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Agelanthus
sansibarensis(Engl.)
Polhill & Wiens
Shrub
Leaves,
branches
Headache [99]
Emelianthe
panganensis(Engl.)
Danser
Whole plant Prevent miscarriage [77]
Englerina
woodfordioides
(Schweinf.) Balle ex
M.G. Gilbert
Shrub
Whole plant,
bark, twigs
Pneumonia, liver/spleen diseases, pneumonia,
liver enlargement, heartburn
[67,99,132,141]
Erianthemum dregei
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh.
Bark Snake bite wounds [99]
Oliverella hildebrandtii
(Engl.) Tiegh.
Shrub Whole plant Prevent miscarriage [77]
Oncocalyx scheri
(Engl.) M.G.Gilbert
Shrub
Whole plant,
bark, twigs
Pain, retained afterbirth, wounds, prevent
miscarriage
[67,68,77]
Phragmanthera
usuiensis(Oliv.)
M.G.Gilbert
Shrub
Whole
branch,
branches,
bark, leaves,
roots
Clean umbilical cord wound, paralysis, stroke,
gout, stomach cancer, arthritis, pneumonia, pain,
colds, stroke, gout, liver diseases
[67,99,120,135,141,154]
Plicosepalus curviorus
(Benth. ex Oliv.)
Tiegh.
Shrub Twigs Pneumonia [67]
Tapinanthus buvumae
(Rendle) Danser
Shrub Heartburn [132]
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermisL.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Emetic, stomach problems, dysentery/severe
diarrhea, women's stomach disorder after birth
[72,77,142]
Punica granatumL.
(exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, seeds,
roots
Amoeba, infertility, malaria, meat appetite, STIs,
stomachache, tonsilitis, pneumonia, wounds,
erectile dysfunction/impotence, gonorrhea,
diarrhea, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac
[14,41,84,146,168]
Rotala tenella(Guill. &
Perr.) Hiern
Herb Whole plant
Blood cleanser, lumbago, peripheral neuropathy,
muscle cramps, joint pains, pre/post-menopausal
syndromes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders,
cerebrovascular disorders, hyperlipidemia
[88]
Malpighiaceae
Caucanthus auriculatus
(Radlk.) Nied.
Liana Roots Bone pain, rheumatism, backache, malaria [77]
Triaspis mozambicaA.
Juss.
Liana Leaves Stomach medicine [142]
Malvaceae
Abutilon hirtum
(Lam.) Sweet
Herb/
shrub
Retained placenta [136]
Abutilon longicuspe
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Shrub Retained placenta [136]
Abutilon mauritianum
(Jacq.) Medik.
Herb/
shrub
Seeds, roots,
leaves
Dysentery, retained placenta, expectorant,
aphrodisiac
[136,141,142,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 79 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Adansonia digitataL. Tree
Leaves,
bark, fruits,
roots
Dizziness, nausea, headache, hypertension,
children's diseases, skin infections, malaria, y
repellant, fumigant, arrow poison antidote,
erectile dysfunction/impotence,epilepsy, body
swellings, kidney stones, measles, appetizer,
backache, stomachache, anthelmintic, abdominal
pains, tie umbilical cord
[14,80,84,100,111,127,
129,134,139,145,150]
Ceiba pentandra(L.)
Gaertn. (exotic)
Tree Bark General body pains [116]
Ceiba speciosa
(A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. &
Cambess.) Ravenna
(exotic)
Tree Bark Wounds [116]
Corchorus olitoriusL. Herb Leaves
Wounds, infant's mouth, growth, teething in
babies
[108,120]
Corchorus trilocularis
L.
Herb Leaves
Snakebites, applied to gums to treat plastic teeth
in infants, sore throat, vomiting
[126,143,144]
Dombeya burgessiae
Gerrard ex Harv.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Cough, stomach ulcers, retained placenta,
pneumonia, hiccups, wounds, stomach upsets
[84,142,144]
Dombeya kirkiiMast.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Strength, yaws [77,143]
Dombeya rotundifolia
(Hochst.) Planch.
Tree
Bark, roots,
stems,
leaves
Dysentery, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/u, malaria, wounds, rheumatism,
diarrhea, meningitis, typhoid, joint pains,
stomachache
[41,77,84,99,105,129,141,
168]
Dombeya taylorii
Baker f.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Stomach ailments [127]
Dombeya torrida
(J.F.Gmel.) Bamps
Tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Diarrhea, stomachache, backache, typhoid fever,
livestock diseases, malaria, anthelmintic, chest
problems, pre/post-menopausal syndrome,
allergies, joint pains, STI's, sustain pregnancy,
joints, rheumatism, indigestion, allergies,
vomiting, goiter, abdominal pains, liver diseases,
vertigo,chest pains, colds, cough, retained
placenta
[14,41,67,88,99,109,120,
127,131,132,141,168]
Grewia arborea
(Forssk.) Lam.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves, barkChronic joint pains [130]
Grewia forbesiiHarv.
ex Mast.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Convulsions [127]
Grewia holstiiBurret Shrub Roots Stomach ailments, asthma [127]
Grewia kakothamnos
K.Schum.
Shrub Roots, bark
Skull ssures, cough, injuries, cuts, wounds,
malaria, gonorrhea, stomach problems
[41,84,92,139,142]
Grewia lilacina
K.Schum.
Herb Roots Strength [77]
Grewia micrantha
Bojer
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Dysentery, pneumonia [142]
Grewia microcarpa
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Diarrhea [108]
Grewia plagiophylla
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Diarrhea, pre/post-natal care, kidney trouble,
fever, blood clotting, excess menstrual bleeding,
paralysis, yellow fever, malaria, obesity, skin
diseases, epilepsy
[75,100,127,142,150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 80 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Grewia similis
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
stems
Stomachache, constipation, wounds, bleeding
gums, diabetes, impotency, sores, malaria,
menstrual problems
[83,106,138,147,168]
Grewia tembensis
Fresen.
Shrub Bark Reduced appetite, swollen diaphragm [51]
Grewia tephrodermis
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds
Eye infections, malaria, chest pains, snakebites,
cough, colds/u, diarrhea, respiratory disorders,
boils, sores, gonorrhea, infertility, retained
placenta, livestock disease, soreness after birth,
acaricide, stomach upsets, wounds, backache,
cuts, respiratory disorders, aphrodisiac, edema,
skin rashes
[14,41,51,72,80,89,92,94,
100,107,124,133,135,139,
143]
Grewia trichocarpa
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Skin, malaria, diarrhea, acaricide [76,111,120,133]
Grewia truncataMast. Shrub Roots, bark Chest pains, convulsions, diarrhea [100,127]
Grewia villosaWilld. Shrub
Bark, twigs,
leaves, roots,
stems, fruits
Appetizer, galactagogue, tonic, stomachache,
diarrhea, rheumatism, malaria, facial swellings,
sore/swollen eyes, spleen diseases, cancer of
breast and prostate glands,body swellings,
excessive menstrual ow, remove thorns pierced
into the skin, retained placenta
[14,41,51,77,84,90,92,100,
134,139,141,142,145]
Heritiera littoralis
Aiton
Tree Roots
Anthelmintic, stomachache, mouth infection,
toothache
[76]
Hibiscus aethiopicusL. Herb Roots Spleen pain [140]
Hibiscus aponeurus
Sprague & Hutch.
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Burns, rashes, boil, abdominal pains, fever,
anemia, HIV/AIDs, dysentery, diarrhea,
dermatitis, stomachache, fever
[67,77,141,143,147]
Hibiscus calyphyllus
Cav.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
aerial parts,
stems
Acaricide, abdominal pains [133,139]
Hibiscus diversifolius
Jacq.
Shrub Bark
Malaria, appetizer, vomiting, diarrhea, colds,
pneumonia
[100,109,168]
Hibiscus faulknerae
Vollesen
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, toothache [127]
Hibiscus avifolius
Ulbr.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Burns [67]
Hibiscus fuscusGarckeHerb
Roots, bark,
seeds,
leaves
Cough, colds/u, swollen feet, rheumatism,
stroke, chest problems, wounds, aphrodisiac,
chest pain, induce spasms during childbirth,
sprained muscles/limbs
[41,99,115,119,143,144,
147,168]
Hibiscus greenwayi
Baker f.
Shrub Bark Colds [72]
Hibiscus kabuyeanus
Mwachala
Herb Leaves Boils [100]
Hibiscus ludwigiiEckl.
& Zeyh.
Herb/
shrub
Wounds [136]
Hibiscus micranthus
L.f.
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Eye infections, boils,Chira, stomach ulcers,
mental disorders, cuts, fever, anemia, HIV/AIDs,
chicken diarrhea
[14,76,77,80,84,100,143]
Hibiscus vitifoliusL. Herb Roots Inammations, wounds, eyes problems [14,80,136]
Plants2023,12, 1145 81 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Kosteletzkya adoensis
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Mast.
Herb/
shrub
Shoots Menstrual fever [144]
Malva parvioraL. Herb Roots Boils [152]
Malva verticillataL. Herb
Exudate,
roots
Wounds, boils, toothache [168]
Melhania muricata
Balf.f.
Shrub Roots Arthritis, pneumonia, lung problems [92]
Melhania ovata(Cav.)
Spreng.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Wounds, burns [72]
Melochia corchorifolia
L.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Chest blockage, sore throat, reduce fetal
movements, typhoid, u, waterborne diseases,
headache, mumps, retained placenta
[89,109,120,132,144]
Pavonia arabica
Hochst. & Steud. ex
Boiss.
Herb Whole plant Fever [77]
Pavonia burchellii
(DC.) R.A.Dyer
Herb Roots
Eye problems (chalazion, conjunctivitis, proptosis
tumors, retina blastoma), diarrhea
[95,147]
Pavonia urensCav.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Rheumatism, barrenness [41,138]
Rhodognaphalon
mossambicense
(A.Robyns) A.Robyns
Tree Roots Asthma, coughs, diarrhea [127]
Sida cordifoliaL. Herb
Roots,
leaves
Skin cancer, family planning [117,119]
Sida javensisCav. Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Internal injury, bleeding, back pain [122]
Sida massaicaVollesenShrub
Leaves,
roots
Excess gas in stomach, sprains [146,152]
Sida ovataForssk.
Herb/
shrub
Remove retained placenta (cows), wounds,
kwashiorkor
[80,138]
Sida rhombifoliaL. Herb Leaves
Uterine/skin/squamous cell carcinoma of the
gums, diarrhea, stomachache, sunken fontanelle
[76,117]
Sida schimperiana
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Shrub
Roots,
whole plant
Colic pain, anthelmintic [140,144]
Sida tenuicarpa
Vollesen
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
whole
plants,
aerial parts
Respiratory disorders, peptic ulcers, rheumatism,
diarrhea, protracted labor, pregnancy edema,
boils, wounds, pregnancy complications, chest
complication, appetizer, chest pains, kidney
problemssore throat, kwashiorkor
[41,81,88,119,122,138,
143,147,168]
Sterculia africana
(Lour.) Fiori
Tree
Bark, aerial
parts, seeds,
roots
Malaria, erectile dysfunction, stomach upsets,
diarrhea, heart problem, dysentery, rectal
prolapse, asthma
[51,72,91,100,129,150]
Sterculia appendiculata
K.Schum.
Tree Roots Stomach ailments, hypertension [127]
Sterculia rhynchocarpa
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Induce labor pains, venereal diseases [127]
Sterculia stenocarpa
H.J.P.Winkl.
Herb/
shrub
Roots, bark
Back/joint/bone problems, indigestion, malaria,
anthelmintic, stomachache
[14,41,77]
Thespesia danisOliv.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Infertility in women, convulsions, septic swelling,
gonorrhea, broids, female sexual problems
[127,142,150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 82 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Thespesia garckeana
F.Hoffm.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, bark
Amoeba, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/u, malaria, typhoid, stomach disorders,
acidity, epigastric distress, heartburn, abdominal
pain
[41,140,147]
Triumfetta brachyceras
K.Schum.
Shrub Boils, leaves Boils, retained placenta, boils, malignant cells [99,143,144]
Triumfetta cordifolia
A.Rich.
Shrub Leaves Hepatic diseases [99]
Triumfetta rhomboidea
Jacq.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots
Colorectal/uterine/squamous cell carcinoma of
the gums, labor pain, reduce blood ow after
birth, whooping cough
[76,117,119,144]
Waltheria indicaL. Shrub Leaves Skin/uterine/breast cancer [117]
Marantaceae
Maranta arundinaceaL.
(exotic)
Herb Tonsilitis [41]
Melastomataceae
Antherotoma naudinii
Hook.f.
Herb Increase milk letdown in livestock [144]
Antherotoma
senegambiensis(Guill.
& Perr.) Jacq.-F²l.
Herb Leaves Falling person diseases [143]
Dissotis speciosaTaub.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Diarrhea, cough [99,125]
Dupineta brazzae
(Cogn.) Ver.-Lib. &
G.Kadereit
Herb Leaves Cough [144]
Heterotis rotundifolia
(Sm.) Jacq.-F²l.
Herb Leaves Cough [134]
Memecylon teitense
Wickens
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Malaria, fever [145]
Tristemma
mauritianumJ.F.Gmel.
Herb Leaves
Allergies, heart ailment, labor pains, proper fetus
positioning
[119,144]
Warneckea amaniensis
Gilg
Shrub/
tree
Roots Bronchial trouble [142]
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
A.Juss. (exotic)
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots, fruits
Eye/ear infections, typhoid, ringworms, genital
thrush, herpes, malaria, fever, body pains, insect
bites, pest control, skin rashes, HIV/AIDs,Chira,
cholera, amoeba, back/joint/bone pains, blood
purier, brucellosis, chest problems, cough,
colds/u, dental problems, diabetes,
hypertension, injuries/cuts, wounds, appetizer,
numbness, pimples, pneumonia, rheumatism,
skin diseases, STIs, stomach disorders,
anthelmintic, helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), weakness/dullness (cow, goat, sheep,
poultry, pig), acaricide, boils, pimples, hepatitis,
leprosy, ulcers, abdominal pains, infertility,
edema, continuous menstruation, contraceptive,
gonorrhea, diarrhea, gout, yellow fever, arthritis,
fatigue, antiseptic, insect repellant
(moth/mosquito) skin care, arthralgia, asthenia,
measles
[14,41,64,66,68,73,75,84,
85,93,96,98,105
108,110,111,125,129,133,
138,144147,150,151,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 83 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ekebergia capensis
Sparrm.
Tree
Bark, roots,
owers,
fruits, stems,
leaves
Diarrhea, stomach problems, difcult delivery in
women, chest problems, pneumonia, earache,
infertility in women, menstrual disorders, joint
pains, kidney problem, spinal cord problem,
fever, typhoid, dysentery, skin allergies, backache,
chest problems, diarrhea (cow), fever, body
swellings, arthritis, malaria, anthelmintic,
heartburn, emetic, cough, colds, headache,
gastritis, skin rashes, fungal infections, acne,
abscesses, livestock diseases (respiratory
symptoms, anthelmintic), tonic,
skin/throat/breast cancer, skin cancer, TB,
expectorant, acaricide, purgative, abdominal
pains
[14,41,82,88,91,97,99,104,
109,117,120,131,133,141,
145,147,152,154,168]
Lepidotrichilia volkensii
(Gürke) J.-F.Leroy
Tree Leaves Scalp in babies [144]
Melia azedarachL.
Leaves,
bark, roots
Abdominal pains, STIs, malaria, measles,
immunity booster, typhoid,
colorectal/esophageal cancer, stomachache,
diarrhea, gut diseases, dysentery, kidney
ailments, blood cleanser, skin diseases, headache,
acaricide, colds/u, fever
[41,76,79,87,101,104,108,
116,117,119,120,124,133,
143,150]
Melia volkensiiGürke Tree
Roots,
leaves,
fruits, bark
Cholera, constipation, malaria, boils, amoeba,
chest problems, cough, colds/u, pneumonia,
stomach disorders, insecticide, gum/tooth ache,
ear problems, swollen legs, abdominal pains,
edema
[14,41,51,77,80,96,139,
147]
Trichilia dregeana
Sond.
Tree Bark Stomach ailments, poisoning [144]
Trichilia emeticaVahl Tree
Bark, leaves,
twigs, root
Flu, general body weakness, fever, stomachache,
STIs, malaria, amoeba, back/joint/bone
problems, cough, colds/u, epilepsy, pancreas
diseases, rheumatism, anthelmintic, moisturizer,
poisoned arrow wounds, body aches, pneumonia,
inappetence, breast/skin/colorectal cancer,
scabies, boils, chest problems, whooping cough,
TB, gut, constipation, prenatal care, abortifacients,
infertility, measles, dysentery, diarrhea, cardiac
conditions, veterinary, emetic, poisonous,
cuts/bruises, purgative, abdominal pains, kidney
problems, skin diseases, immune booster, jiggers,
body swellings, venereal diseases, induce labor
pains, stomach ailments in livestock, insecticide
(cockroaches, bedbugs)
[14,41,66,74,80,84,101,
104,112,116,117,125,134,
141,142,144,145,147,168]
Turraea abyssinica
Hochst.
Shrub/
tree
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots
Tonic, anthelmintic [107,135]
Turraea oribunda
Hochst.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Cough [142]
Turraea holstiiGürke
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Acaricide, painkiller, nerval disorder, laxative,
menstrual cycle, anthelmintic in cattle, measles,
diarrhea, stomach congestion
[133,144,145,168]
Turraea mombassana
Hiern ex C.DC.
Shrub
Fruits, roots,
stems, bark
Emetic, malaria, dizziness, body pains, joint
diseases, excess bile, fever
[67,104,105,107,135,140,
149]
Turraea robustaGürke Tree
Roots, bark,
whole plant
STIs, anthelmintic, malaria, acaricide [104,118,133,147]
Plants2023,12, 1145 84 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Turraea wakeeldii
Oliv.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Measles, chest pain, chickenpox, cough [150]
Melianthaceae
Bersama abyssinica
Fresen.
Tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Urinary tract infections, STIs, enlarged prostate
gland, eye inammation, colds, stomach
complications, fever, livestock diseases, birth
difculty, bleeding, stomachache, pneumonia, TB,
malaria, amoebiasis, diabetes mellitus,
joints/backbone, aphrodisiac, poisonous to
livestock, cancer, chest problems, infertility,
syphilis
[66,85,86,108,109,113,
116,120,131,138,141,142,
144,152,168]
Menispermaceae
Chasmanthera
dependensHochst.
Liana Stems Stomachache, diarrhea [51,139]
Cissampelos mucronata
A.Rich.
Liana
Roots,
leaves,
stems
Malaria, hypertension, abortifacient, stomach
ailments, constipation, abdominal pain,
whooping cough, burns, snakebite antidote
[101,120,143,144,147]
Cissampelos pareiraL. Liana
Roots, bark,
leaves
Wounds, snakebites, amoeba, asthma, diarrhea,
typhoid, vomiting, anthelmintic, malaria,
abdominal severe pains in women, stomachache,
hypertension, cough, sore throat, colds, gastric
complaints, urinary disorders, venereal diseases
[14,41,51,86,99,103,104,
127129,150,168]
Cocculus hirsutus(L.)
W.Theob.
Liana Leaves Stomachache [142]
Cocculus pendulus
(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.)
Diels
Liana Wood Emetic [142]
Jateorhiza palmata
(Lam.) Miers
Liana Roots Stomach medicine [142]
Stephania abyssinica
(Quart.-Dill. &
A.Rich.) Walp.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, bark
Liver problems, colic in infants, stomachache,
malaria, diarrhea/dysentery (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), heart problems, gonorrhea,
impotency
[73,74,104,119,152,168]
Molluginaceae
Paramollugo nudicaulis
(Lam.) Thulin
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Flu, madness, cough, mental illness/madness [76,98,143]
Monimiaceae
Xymalos monospora
(Harv.) Baill.
Tree Bark, roots General body relief, anthelmintic, stomachache [14]
Moraceae
Antiaris toxicaria
(J.F.Gmel.) Lesch.
Tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Fontanel gap, abdominal pains, STIs, kidney
ailments, ringworms
[116,122]
Ficus amadiensisDe
Wild.
Tree
Fruits, bark,
roots, latex
Acaricide [133]
Ficus asperifoliaMiq. Shrub Latex Skin swellings in human/livestock [142]
Ficus benjaminaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Chest problems, diarrhea, headache, livestock
diseases, stomach disorders
[41]
Ficus busseiWarb. ex
Mildbr. & Burret
Tree
Roots,
leaves
Malaria [111]
Ficus cordataThunb. Tree
Bark, roots,
stems
Boost immunity, improve general health [135]
Plants2023,12, 1145 85 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ficus glumosaDelile
Shrub/
tree
Root, bark,
fruit, latex
Stomachache, diarrhea, acaricide [77,99,133]
Ficus ingens(Miq.)
Miq.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Diarrhea [142]
Ficus luteaVahl Tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Sore throat, asthma, heavy menstruation, general
illness, veterinary uses
[116]
Ficus natalensis
Hochst.
Tree
Fruits, bark,
roots, latex,
stems,
leaves
Toothache, skin infections, teeth problems,
diabetes mellitus, arthritis
[66,85,109,116,132]
Ficus populifoliaVahl
Shrub/
tree
Latex Sore eyes [142]
Ficus scassellatii
Pamp.
Tree Stomach problems, malaria [136]
Ficus surForssk. Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits, latex
Diarrhea, vomiting, back/joint/bone problems,
cough, colds/u, dental problems, pneumonia,
malaria, pregnancy edema, toothache, acaricide,
stomachache
[41,67,77,81,104,116,120,
133,142]
Ficus sycomorusL. Tree
Leaves,
bark, latex,
fruits
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, uterine cleaning,
excess menstrual ow/inconsistency, clean
uterus after birth, afterbirth bleeding, toothache,
stomachache, joint pains, allergies, amoeba,
dental problems, clean kidney, malaria, meat
allergy, pneumonia, body swellings, typhoid,
abortifacient, constipation, colic pains, gut
problems, abdominal discomfort, acaricide,
scrofula, cough, chest diseases, dysentery,
snakebites, laxative, anthelmintic, liver troubles,
stomachache and hemorrhage in pregnancy
[14,41,51,66,77,89,100,
105,108,110,113,116,127,
130,133,135,139,143,145,
146,168]
Ficus thonningii
Blume
Tree
Bark, latex,
roots
Malaria, respiratory problems, excess menstrual
ow/pains, joint pains, toothache, livestock
diseases, arthritis, liver diseases, edema, dental
problems, diarrhea, STIs, typhoid, uterine
problems, cancer, toxicity, prevent abortion,
diarrhea/dysentery (cow, poultry, goat, sheep,
pig), chest problems, stomachache, acaricide, sore
throat, wounds, constipation, nose bleeding,
mouth sores, venereal diseases, fever
[41,73,81,86,88,100,101,
105,113,116,132,133,143
147,152,168]
Ficus vastaForssk. Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits, buds,
latex
Liver disease, edema, acaricide, astringent [88,133,141]
Milicia excelsa(Welw.)
C.C.Berg
Tree
Allergies, bites, cancer, cough, colds/u, dental
problems, family planning, hypertension,
malaria, stomach disorders, STIs, typhoid
[41]
Morus albaL. (exotic) Tree
Leaves,
fruits
Cough, colds/u, dental problems, rheumatism,
stomach disorders, blindness, anthelmintic, blood
recharge
[41,74,106]
Morus mesozygiaStapfTree Stems, bark Urinary tract infections, veterinary [116]
Morus nigraL. (exotic)Tree Leaves Arthritis [154]
Trilepisium
madagascarienseDC.
Tree Bark Joint/backbone problems [116]
Moringaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 86 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Moringa borziana
Mattei
Herb/
shrub
Roots
Swollen legs/pains in pregnancy, retained
placenta, abdominal pains, increase milk letdown,
edema, malaria, gonorrhea
[51,139]
Moringa oleiferaLam.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, seeds,
owers
Back pain, HIV/AIDs, amoeba, asthma, clean
blood, cancer, chest problems, cough, colds/u,
detoxier, broids, immune booster, malaria,
protein source, rheumatism, stomach
disorders/acid, typhoid, hypertension, toothache,
ulcers, whiten teeth, diabetes, fungal infection,
herpes zoster, genital thrush, herpes simplex,
syphilis, anemia, arthritis, malaise, vitamin/iron
source, hysteria, conjunctivitis, reproductive
disorder, diabetes
[14,41,83,96,98,106,110,
145,150]
Moringa stenopetala
(Baker f.) Cufod.
Tree Roots Fever [77]
Musaceae
Ensete ventricosum
(Welw.) Cheesman
Tree
Roots,
exudate,
fruits, stems
Infertility, snakebite, measles, runny eyes,
rumbling stomach, tapeworms, livestock diseases,
rheumatism, dental problems, dislocations,
injuries/cuts/wounds, STIs, arthritis, heartburn,
liver diseases/enlargement, medicine for cows,
eye infection, earache/infection, stomachache
[41,87,91,100,116,120,
126,132,141,144,145,152,
154,168]
MusaparadisiacaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Roots, bark,
exudate
Ear infections, asthma, cough, gonorrhea, family
planning, wounds, female infertility, ant repellent
[14,66,113,116,146,150]
Musa acuminataColla
(exotic)
Tree Bark Blood pressure [105]
Myricaceae
Myrica salicifolia
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, stems,
leaves, roots
Urinary tract problems, tonic, tonsillitis, cough,
chest congestion, goiter, malaria, livestock
diseases, anodyne, abdominal pains, asthma,
stomach upsets, analgesic, respiratory diseases,
colds, anti-acid, intoxicating property, throat
infections
[14,67,72,86,93,103,104,
107,120,121,141,145,168]
Myrothamnaceae
Myrothamnus
abellifoliusWelw.
Shrub Leaves Chest pain [77]
Myrtaceae
Corymbia citriodora
(Hook.) K.D.Hill &
L.A.S.Johnson
(exotic)
Tree Bark, leaves Fever, u, cough [143]
Eucalyptus
camaldulensisDehnh.
(exotic)
Tree Leaves Colds [98]
Eucalyptus globulus
Labill. (exotic)
Tree Leaves
Allergies, back/joint/bone problems, chest
problems, chickenpox, cough, colds/u, fever,
headache, injuries, cuts/wounds, livestock
diseases, malaria, measles, pneumonia,
rheumatism, skin diseases, slow urine passing,
smallpox, stomach disorders, measles, pimples
[41,84,115,116]
Eucalyptus grandis
W.Hill ex Maiden
(exotic)
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Fever, colds, headache [150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 87 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Eucalyptus regnans
F.Muell. (exotic)
Tree Leaves Chickenpox, livestock diseases [152]
Eucalyptus robustaSm.
(exotic)
Tree Leaves Skin infections, chickenpox, measles, asthma [109]
Eucalyptus salignaSm.
(exotic)
Tree
Back pain in women, cough, colds/u,
injuries/cuts, wounds, malaria, skin diseases,
chicken diseases, fever, toothache, measles,
stomach ailments, allergy, poison emetic,
chickenpox, bloat in cattle
[14,41,74,84,136,145147]
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Sm. (exotic)
Tree Leaves Smallpox [106]
Psidium guajavaL.
(exotic)
Tree
Leaves,
bark, fruits,
roots
Constipation, malaria, allergies, amoeba,
jaundice, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/u, chest problems, goiter, painkiller,
rheumatism, skin diseases, typhoid, stomachache,
cancer, STIs, nausea, diarrhea, colic pains,
anthelmintic (human, animals), typhoid,
dysentery, inammatory, ringworms, ulcers,
diabetes fever, hypertension, toothache,
reproductive disorders, wounds, boils, runny
nose
[14,41,76,84,88,96,99,106,
108,116,119,143,145,146,
150,168]
Syzygium cordatum
Hochst. ex Krauss
Tree
Leaves,
bark, fruits,
stems, roots
Colds, diarrhea, afterbirth stomachache,
stomachache, malaria, typhoid, strength/tonic,
gastrointestinal complications, acaricide,
abdominal pains, cleaning blood
[14,41,67,68,72,87,120,
133,136,141143,152,168]
Syzygium cumini(L.)
Skeels
Tree
Fruits,
leaves, bark,
roots
Dysentery, dysentery, gut problems, acaricide,
boils, stomach complications, emetic, cough,
hypertension
[66,98,116,122,133,145]
Syzygium guineense
(Willd.) DC.
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits
Infertility, typhoid, wounds, paresthesia, cancer,
invigorant, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/u, diarrhea, HIV/AIDs, malaria, tonic,
rheumatism, stomachache, skin cancer, kidney
ailments, veterinary uses, menstrual pains,
acaricide, eye problem, heartburn, fever,
indigestion, aphrodisiac
[41,66,67,77,88,109,116,
117,119,132,133,140,144,
145,168]
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia erectaL. Herb Leaves Diarrhea, ringworm [76]
Commicarpus helenae
(Roem. & Schult.)
Meikle
Herb Tonic, malaria, earache, wounds [136]
Commicarpus
plumbagineus(Cav.)
Standl.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, earache, headache, cuts, removing
ganglion
[72,91,99]
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea nouchali
Burm.f.
Herb
Stems,
leaves
Stomach ailments, chest conditions [134]
Ochnaceae
Ochna holstiiEngl. Tree Stomachache, emetic when poison ingested [145]
Ochna insculpta
Sleumer
Shrub/
tree
Roots, seeds,
leaves
Strength, chest pain, diarrhea in children, boils,
children fever
[14,77,140]
Ochna mossambicensis
Klotzsch
Shrub/
tree
Roots Stomachache [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 88 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Ochna ovataF. Hoffm.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Sore/inamed skin, stomachache, poison emetic [80,145]
Ochna thomasiana
Engl. & Gilg
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Menstrual disorders, leprosy, miscarriage [127]
Olacaceae
Strombosia scheferi
Engl.
Tree
Leaves, barkStomachache, tonic, insecticide [77,84]
Ximenia americanaL.
Shrub/
tree
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots,
fruits
Malaria, stomachache, constipation, uterine
bleeding, tonic, venereal diseases, toothache,
boils, skin rashes, abscesses, back/bone problems,
dental problems, rheumatism, skin diseases,
stomach acid, thorn pricks, joint pains,
pneumonia, gum pains, diarrhea, acaricide,
wounds, tonsillitis, mouth sores, fever, cough,
anemia, menstrual pains (dysmenorrhea),
gonorrhea, respiratory problems, vomiting,
constipation, gynecological problems, pleuritis,
HIV, rheumatoid arthritis
[14,41,71,77,79,84,90,91,
94,98,100,104
108,112,124,127,133,135,
138,140,143,146,147,150]
Ximenia caffraSond.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, fruits,
bark, leaves
Ulcers, wounds, asthma, livestock diseases,
anthelmintic, diarrhea, toothache, painkiller,
malaria, fevers, acute upper respiratory tract
infections, dermatitis, ulcers, toothache, mouth
infection, stomachache, abdominal pains
[14,68,72,74,76,77,80,118,
138,141]
Oleaceae
Jasminum abyssinicum
Hochst. ex DC.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, bark
Diarrhea, oral thrush, chest pains, weak joints,
malaria, spinal cord aches, cough, aphrodisiac,
wounds
[132,152]
Jasminum dichotomum
Vahl
Liana Leaves Menstrual pains, epilepsy [143]
Jasminum uminense
Vell.
Shrub/
liana
Roots,
leaves
Heartburn, headache,Wuoyo, snakebites, cough,
chest/joint pains, insecticide, wounds, menstrual
pains, leprosy
[71,76,77,86,99,142,143,
168]
Jasminum
grandiorumL.
Liana
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Malaria, laxative, stomachache, diarrhea,
anthelmintic, cough, chest pains, liver diseases,
HIV/AIDs
[67,109,120,140143]
Jasminum streptopus
E.Mey.
Shrub/
liana
Roots Headache, snakebites [77]
Noronhia battiscombei
(Hutch.) Hong-Wa &
Besnard
Shrub/
tree
Bark Malaria, back pains, anthelmintic [77]
Noronhia nilotica
(Oliv.) Hong-Wa &
Besnard
Shrub/
tree
Bark Stomach disorders [77]
Olea capensisL. Tree
Bark, leaves,
fruits, roots
Scabies, constipation, urinary infections,
stomachache, peptic ulcers, tonic, colds, fever,
livestock diseases, backache, diabetes, chest
pains, mouth inammation in children, malaria,
pneumonia, general body
weakness/fatigue/pains, amoeba, joint pains,
anthelmintic, blood cleanser, cough, TB, difculty
in breathing, amoeba, arthritis,
injuries/cuts/wounds, aphrodisiac, prostrate
problems, rheumatism, skin cancer, acaricide,
wounds
[14,41,66,72,88,90,99,103,
104,117,120,125,131,133,
136,138,146,147,152,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 89 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Olea europaeaL.
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
leaves, roots
Malaria, pneumonia, anthelmintic, retained
afterbirth, respiratory problems, anaplasmosis,
eye inammation, stomachache, joint pains, chest
pains, umbilical cord, livestock diseases, diarrhea,
mouth infection in babies, fever, eye infections,
seizures, ringworms, stomach rumbles, amoeba,
back/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
dislocation, body pains, headache, boost
immunity, injuries/cuts, wounds, internal
injuries, appetizer, muscle fatigue, rheumatism,
body swellings, typhoid, urinary diseases, liver
disease, polio, gonorrhea, enlarged prostate,
arthritis, skin disorders e.g., allergy, cancer,
mellitus, itchy rashes, Contagious Bovine
Pleuropneumonia in livestock, asthma, lumbago,
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
bone fractures, acaricide, eye ailments, heartburn,
sore throat, kidney problems, hypertension
[41,68,7173,77,82
86,88,89,91,92,97,99,103
105,107,109,110,120,129
133,135,136,138,140
142,145,147,149,152,168]
Olea welwitschii
(Knobl.) Gilg &
G.Schellenb.
Tree
Bark, root,
twigs
Scabies, chest problems, u, gut problems,
constipation, stomachache, childbirth, prenatal
care, infertility, joint/backbone problems, STIs,
dysentery, diarrhea, cancer, urinary tract
infections
[116]
Schrebera alata
(Hochst.) Welw.
Tree
Bark, twigs,
leaves, roots
Malaria, chest problems, sore throat, toothache,
diabetes mellitus, candidiasis, anesthesia,
stomach pains, bloody stool, diarrhea, pregnancy
pains, meat allergy, painkiller, poison antidote,
headache, cuts
[41,67,68,71,77,85,136,
140,142,145,152,168]
Onagraceae
Epilobium hirsutumL. Herb Roots Stomach pains [84]
Opiliaceae
Opilia amentacea
Roxb.
Liana
Roots, bark,
branches
Malaria, diarrhea, fever [41,92,138,142]
Pentarhopalopilia
umbellulata(Baill.)
Hiepko
Shrub/
liana
Roots Venereal diseases, children's diseases [127]
Orchidaceae
Aerangis kirkii
(Rchb.f.) Schltr.
Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
Angraecum sacciferum
Lindl.
Herb Leaves Pneumonia [109]
Ansellia africanaLindl.Herb Branches Eardrops [99,127]
Bonatea steudneri
(Rchb.f.) T.Durand &
Schinz
Herb Roots Sores [67]
Eulophia petersii
(Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
Herb Roots Prevent rst trimester abortion [81]
Habenaria cirrhata
(Lindl.) Rchb.f.
Herb Roots Abdominal pains [141]
Microcoelia exilis
Lindl.
Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
Solenangis wakeeldii
(Rolfe) P.J.Cribb &
J.Stewart
Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
Plants2023,12, 1145 90 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Vanilla roscheriRchb.f.Herb Stomach pains, prenatal care [127]
Ypsilopus amaniensis
(Kraenzl.) D'haij±re &
St²vart
Herb Root Chest pain [77]
Orobanchaceae
Asepalum eriantherum
(Vatke) Marais
Shrub Whole plant Backache [142]
Cistanche tubulosa
(Schenk) Wight ex
Hook.f.
Herb Childbirth problems [72]
Striga hermonthica
(Delile) Benth.
Herb Leaves Thrush [143]
Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa bilimbiL.
(exotic)
Tree Fruits Aphrodisiac, appetizer [150]
Biophytum
abyssinicumSteud. ex
A.Rich.
Herb Rashes, smallpox [132]
Biophytum
umbraculumWelw.
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves
Arthritis, dizziness, stomachache [144,154]
Oxalis corniculataL. Herb Leaves
Skin infections, memory loss, mouth ulcers/sores,
diseases of the eye
[122,123,141,154]
Passioraceae
Adenia cissampeloides
(Planch. ex Hook.)
Harms
Liana
Leaves,
branches
Wounds [99]
Adenia ellenbeckii
Harms
Herb/
shrub
Roots Swollen legs and body pains during pregnancy [139]
Adenia gummifera
(Harv.) Harms
Liana Stems, roots
Cough, gonorrhea, headache, miscarriage,
aphrodisiac, STIs, female reproductive disorder,
boost immunity, diarrhea, colds, dysmenorrhea
[14,77,100,127,142,150]
Adenia kirkii(Mast.)
Engl.
Herb Stems, roots Complications in menstruation [127]
Adenia venenata
Forssk.
Liana Roots Cattle diarrhea [14]
Adenia volkensii
Harms
Herb/
shrub
Fruits, roots Poisonous [77]
Passiora edulisSims
(exotic)
Liana
Stems,
leaves
Amoeba, cough, colds/u, epilepsy, heart
problems, insomnia, nervous system problems,
poisoning, stomachache, rheumatism
[41,144,147,150]
Passiora
quadrangularisL.
(exotic)
Liana Amoeba [41]
Passiora subpeltata
Ortega (exotic)
Herb Leaves Diabetes mellitus [85]
Pedaliaceae
Sesamothamnus
busseanusEngl.
Shrub/
tree
Whole plant Bleeding [142]
Sesamum angolense
Welw.
Herb Leaves Measles [99]
Plants2023,12, 1145 91 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Sesamum calycinum
Welw.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, seeds
Sore eyes, hair relaxer, prevent rst/second
trimester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy edema,
pregnancy anemia, stomachache, ringworm,
constipation
[81,99,115,143,147]
Oliniaceae
Olinia rochetiana
A.Juss.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves,
stems, roots
Respiratory, STIs, pneumonia, colds, cough, oral
candidiasis, urinary tract infections, chest
problems, TB, rheumatism, malaria, fever,
bronchitis, indigestion, tapeworms, anodyne,
expectorant, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pains
[67,77,88,99,105,113,120,
131,135,140142,147]
Peraceae
Clutia abyssinicaJaub.
& Spach
Shrub
Bark, leaves,
roots
Menstrual cramps, spinal cord problem, joint
pains, appetizer, arthritis, colds, rheumatism,
liver pains, colic pain in infants, malaria, eye
lotion, headache, stomachache, inuenza,
indigestion, liver pains, acaricide, erectile
dysfunction, teeth problems, prophylaxis, pain in
pregnancy, aphrodisiac, infertility, purgative,
abdominal pains, diarrhea, kwashiorkor
[67,77,86,89,91,99,103,
104,109,132,133,138,140
142,154,168]
Clutia kilimandscharica
Engl.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
aerial parts,
bark
Joints pains, diarrhea, typhoid, menstrual
problems, colds, appetizer, general body
weakness, anthelmintic, gonorrhea, constipation,
stomachache, malaria, aphrodisiac, tonic,
indigestion, rheumatism, acaricide, wounds
[67,104,120,131,133,142,
152]
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma venosum
E.Mey. ex Tul.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
twigs, sap
Amoeba, back/joint/bone problems, blood
purier, cough, colds/u, diabetes, immune
booster, low libido, malaria, pneumonia,
rheumatism, stomach disorders, tonsilitis, liver
complaints, livestock diseases, abdominal pain,
poisonous
[41,64,112,142,143,168]
Bischoa javanica
Blume (exotic)
Tree Roots Stomach infections [123]
Bridelia cathartica
Bertol.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Convulsions, prenatal care [127]
Bridelia micrantha
(Hochst.) Baill.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Boils, stomachache, STIs, dysentery, diarrhea,
HIV/AIDs, back/joint/bone problems, blood
purier, brucellosis, cancer, chest problems,
cough, colds/u, cleans uterus, dizziness,
hypertension, increase blood, malaria,
pneumonia, rheumatism, skin diseases, typhoid,
clean digestive system, tonic, livestock diseases,
acidity, earache, cervical/breast/skin/colorectal
cancer, dysentery, allergy, acaricide, epigastric
distress, immune booster
[14,41,66,67,74,111,113,
116,117,119,120,133,140,
142,144,146,147,168]
Bridelia scleroneura
Müll.Arg.
Shrub/
tree
Stems, roots,
bark
Acaricide [133]
Bridelia taitensisVatke
& Pax
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
stems,
whole plant,
bark
Cough, colds/u, diarrhea, livestock diseases,
earache, stomachache, laxativeabdominal pains,
wounds
[14,51,80,139]
Plants2023,12, 1145 92 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Flueggea virosa(Roxb.
ex Willd.) Royle
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, fruits,
aerial parts
Malaria, venereal diseases, convulsions,
stomachache, kidney pains, childbirth problems,
amoeba, bilharzia, dental problems, meat allergy,
prostate cancer, typhoid, irritated/itchy skin,
cough, joint aches, chest pains, vomiting,
headache, acaricide, boils, diarrhea, back pain,
insect repellant, breast cancer, kidney problems,
female reproductive disorders, aphrodisiac,
HIV/AIDs, anthelmintic, fatigue, chickenpox,
retained placenta
[14,41,75,77,80,81,84,101,
112,119,122,127,133,139,
142,143,146,147,150,168]
Hymenocardia acida
Tul.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves Acaricide [133]
Margaritaria discoidea
(Baill.) G.L.Webster
Shrub/
tree
Bark Acaricide, pregnancy pain [133,140]
Phyllanthus amarus
Schumach. & Thonn.
Herb Roots Arthritis [154]
Phyllanthus scheri
Pax
Shrub
Leaves,
fruits, stems,
bark
Breast/skin/colorectal, skin diseases,
roundworms, HIV/AIDs, gynecological diseases
[117,119,142,143]
Phyllanthus kaessneri
Hutch.
Shrub/
tree
Cough [142]
Phyllanthus
muellerianus(Kuntze)
Exell
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Acaricide [133]
Phyllanthus
nummulariifoliusPoir.
Shrub Fruits Roundworms, anthelmintic [67,144]
Phyllanthus
odontadenius
Müll.Arg.
Herb Roots Stomach pains [144]o
Phyllanthus ovalifolius
Forssk.
Shrub/
tree
Aerial parts Acaricide, corneal ulcers [133,143]
Phyllanthus
physocarpusMüll.Arg.
Shrub/
tree
Roots STIs [142]
Phyllanthus reticulatus
Poir.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Convulsions, snakebites [127]
Phyllanthus sepialis
Müll.Arg.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, constipation, general illness, toothache [74,84,101]
Phyllanthus somalensis
Hutch.
Shrub Roots Poisonous to livestock [142]
Phyllanthus
welwitschianus
Müll.Arg.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Fertility potions, aphrodisiac [134]
Thecacoris spathulifolia
(Pax) Leandri
Shrub Roots
Stomachache, diarrhea, induce salivation in
children
[127]
Phytolaccaceae
Hilleria latifolia(Lam.)
H.Walter
Herb Whole plant Dermatitis [144]
Phytolacca dodecandra
L'H²r. (exotic)
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, fruits
Fracture, antivenom, poisonous (human,
livestock), breast cancer, body pains, stomach
problems, childbirth, emetic, purgative,
roundworms, tapeworms, syphilis, skin rashes,
enlarged glands, abortifacient, barrenness
[72,77,86,99,120,138,141
143,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 93 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Phytolacca octandraL. Shrub Roots Pneumonia [152]
Picrodendraceae
Oldeldia somalensis
(Chiov.) Milne-Redh.
Tree Roots, bark
Pneumonia, arthritis, fatigue, cough, tuberculosis[142,150]
Pinaceae
Pinus patulaSchiede
ex Schltdl. & Cham.
(exotic)
Tree Leaves Flu, respiratory [116]
Piperaceae
Piper capenseL.f.
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots, stems
Cough, colds, kidney problems, malaria,
depression, anthelmintic, diarrhea, sore throat,
enlarged uvula, increase milk letdown, arthritis,
laxative, anthrax (cattle)
[14,97,99,125,147,168]
Piper guineense
Schumach. & Thonn.
Shrub Roots Sore throat, fever, toothache [142,144]
Piper umbellatumL. Shrub Roots, roots
Headache, fever, bronchitis, inammation, rashes,
eye inammation, anthelmintic
[122,125,131,144]
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum
abyssinicumDelile
Tree Bark
Emetic, malaria, nausea, purgative, stomach
problems
[131,142,168]
Pittosporum
viridiorumSims
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Boils, STIs, malaria, diarrhea, stomachache,
urinary tract, emetic, fever, purgative, tonic,
measles, oral infections, fever, chest pains,
amoeba, appetizer, constipation, acaricide,
headache, vomiting, bronchitis, asthma, liver
diseases, nose bleeding, rectum infection,
infertility in goats, mosquito repellant
[66,67,77,99,101,103,104,
109,116,119,120,132,133,
140142,144,152,168]
Plantaginaceae
Plantago palmata
Hook.f.
Herb Roots
Tonsils, pneumonia, eye problems, venereal
diseases, typhoid, diarrhea
[78]
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago daweiRolfe
Herb/
shrub
Bark Diarrhea, malaria, stomach problems [136]
Plumbago zeylanicaL.
Herb/
shrub
Root, aerial
parts, roots,
leaves
Boils, abscesses, burns, malaria, infertility,
aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, remove pseudo teeth
in children, skin blisters, swollen legs,
stomachache, liver, anthrax, measles, sprained
limps, skin diseases, fever, eye infection,
gonorrhea, eye injury (cattle), lung/liver diseases
(poultry)
[51,72,74,77,94,107,138,
143,144,147]
Poaceae
Cenchrus americanus
(L.) Morrone
Herb Bark, seeds
Chronic joint pains, malaria, vomiting, asthenia,
swelling on the body
[14,130]
Cenchrus clandestinus
(Hochst. ex Chiov.)
Morrone
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Skin infections, ringworms, heartburns, diarrhea,
anthelmintic, jaundice, tonsils, urinary problems,
venereal diseases, liver troubles
[41,88,109,115,168]
Cenchrus hohenackeri
(Hochst. ex Steud.)
Morrone
Herb
Bark,
branches,
roots
Malaria [135]
Cenchrus purpureus
(Schumach.) Morrone
Herb Leaves Allergies, dermatological infections [41,143]
Plants2023,12, 1145 94 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cymbopogon citratus
(DC.) Stapf (exotic)
Herb Leaves
Headache, purify blood, clean pores, u/colds,
diarrhea
[108,119,143]
Cymbopogon nardus
(L.) Rendle
Herb
Cough, colds/u, fever, malaria, stomach
disorders
[41]
Cynodon dactylon(L.)
Pers.
Herb
Whole plant,
leaves,
stems
Kidney stones, stomachache, prevent second
trimester abortion, vomiting
[81,96,106]
Dactyloctenium
aegyptium(L.) Willd.
Herb Leaves Heartburn [91]
Digitaria abyssinica
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Stapf
Herb Leaves
Ringworms, pain inside umbilical cord of adults,
backache, urinary disorders
[147,152,168]
Eleusine coracana(L.)
Gaertn. (exotic)
Herb Seeds
Ringworm, cough, colds/u, measles,
chickenpox, itchy rash, kidney problems, diabetes
[41,94,138,143,146]
Eleusine jaegeriPilg. Herb Leaves Wounds, skin infections [109]
Elymus repens(L.)
Gould (exotic)
Herb
STIs, back/bone joints problems, chest problems,
cough, colds/u, gouts, malaria
[41]
Enteropogon
macrostachyus
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Munro ex Benth.
Herb Whole plant Trypanosomiasis [68]
Hyparrhenia diplandra
(Hack.) Stapf
Herb Leaves Insect repellant for safari ants [144]
Oldeania alpina
(K.Schum.) Stapleton
Tree
Fruits,
shoots,
stems
Balding, edema, blood cleanser, cough, colds/u,
mental ailments, pneumonia, rheumatism, STIs,
malaria, diarrhea, aphrodisiac, impotency,
retained placenta (cattle, human), menstruation
problems
[14,41,88,132,147,152,
168]
Oryza sativaL.
(exotic)
Herb Roots Colds [14]
Saccharum ofcinarum
L. (exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
roots,
exudate
Acaricide, malaria, baby stomach problems [14,133,139]
Sorghum bicolor(L.)
Moench (exotic)
Herb Seeds
Measles, energy boost, acaricide, gastrointestinal
problems, diarrhea, colds
[14,41,88,133,143]
Sporobolus pyramidalis
P.Beauv.
Herb Roots Gonorrhea, stomach ailments [113,147]
Triticum aestivumL.
(exotic)
Herb Cancer [41]
Zea maysL. (exotic) Herb
Cobs,
owers
Cough, heartburn, abdominal ulcers, retained
placenta (cows, human), acaricide, urinary
disorders in men
[73,88,133,139,152,168]
Podocarpaceae
Afrocarpus falcatus
(Thunb.) C.N.Page
(exotic)
Tree
Bark, roots,
leaves,
twigs
General body health, fever, malaria, liver and
spleen diseases, peptic ulcers, stomachache,
measles, acaricide, hypertension, arthritis,
anodyne, itchy skin rash, chest troubles
[14,67,68,88,91,109,118,
132,133,135,141,168]
Podocarpus latifolius
(Thunb.) R.Br. ex
Mirb. (exotic)
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Malaria, stomachache, dysmenorrhea, cleanse
womb, afterbirth, asthma, gall bladder,
indigestion, acaricide, chest troubles
[41,67,88,97,120,133,142,
152,168]
Polygalaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 95 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Carpolobia goetzei
Gürke
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Aphrodisiac [127]
Polygala eriopteraDC. Herb Cough, whitlow, skin rashes [141]
Polygala persicariifolia
DC.
Herb Leaves Eye and ear diseases [141]
Polygala sphenoptera
Fresen.
Herb
Leaves,
stem, roots
Infertility in women, eye inammation,
stomachache, cough, aphrodisiac
[99,152,168]
Securidaca
longepedunculata
Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Body swellings, chest pains, amoeba, asthma,
back/bone problems, cough (human, cattle),
colds/u, general body pains, malaria, mental
disorders, tonsilitis, anthelmintic, acidity,
stomach ailments, delayed delivery, purgative,
dizziness, headache, acaricide, vaginal discharge,
menstrual cramps, infertility, aphrodisiac, joint
pains, sores, toothache, retained placenta,
abdominal pains
[14,41,74,111,118,129,133,
139,142,146,147,150,168]
Polygonaceae
Oxygonum sinuatum
(Hochst. & Steud. ex
Meisn.) Dammer
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, boils, cellulitis,
toothache, diabetes mellitus, rashes, dandruffs,
burns, skin/throat cancer, body swellings,
wounds, skin infection, stomachache, urinary
problems, gonorrhea, typhoid, venereal diseases,
joint pains, eye diseases, enlarged uvula
[76,84,85,90,94,106,115,
117,118,143,147,168]
Persicaria setosula
(A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson
Herb Leaves Revive the dying [67]
Rumex abyssinicus
Jacq.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, menstrual problems, stomachache,
conjunctivitis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig), eye
infections, general wellbeing, scabies,
anthelmintic
[41,67,73,101,119,168]
Rumex acetosellaL. Herb Roots Abdominal pains, hypertension, diabetes [86,91]
Rumex hypogaeus
T.M.Schust. & Reveal
Herb Roots Venereal diseases [168]
Rumex nepalensis
Spreng.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, stomachache, fever, snakebites paralysis,
sore throat, livestock diseases
(infection/stomach)
[101,144,152]
Rumex usambarensis
(Engl.) Dammer
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Anthelmintic, constipation, joint pains, vomiting,
urinary tract infections, cough, chest pain,
difculty in breathing
[81,105,119,122,130]
Portulacaceae
Portulaca foliosaKer
Gawl.
Herb Whole plant Wounds, burns, swollen' belly in children [77,140]
Portulaca oleraceaL. Herb Whole plant
Wounds, burns, typhoid, cancer, diarrhea, urinary
disorders, liver/kidney problems
[77,91,115,168]
Portulaca quadridaL. Herb Whole plant Wound, burns [77,91]
Primulaceae
Embelia schimperi
Vatke
Shrub/
liana
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds
Joint pains, chest pain, malaria, colds,
anthelmintic, wounds, stomach problems, fever,
rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, pneumonia,
brucellosis, diarrhea
[107,109,131,142,168]
Lysimachia volkensii
Engl.
Herb Wounds [136]
Plants2023,12, 1145 96 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Maesa lanceolata
Forssk.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, fruits,
bark, seeds,
leaves
Flu, anthelminthic, appetizer, stomachache, STIs,
malaria, backache, arthritis, snakebites, skin
allergies, heartburn, chest pain, boils, colic pains,
headache, abdominal pains, pregnancy, kidney
diseases, acaricide, cough, fontanel inammation
or wounds, veterinary use as poison antidote,
astringent, purgative, dysmenorrhea, itchy skin
rashes, enlarged glands, abortifacients, fever
(humans, animals), sore throat, heart problems,
gonorrhea, healing umbilical scar, dysentery
[77,79,88,91,92,99,101,
116,120,122,126,133,141,
142,144146,168]
Myrsine africanaL.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, fruits,
leaves,
seeds
Gonorrhea, constipation, headache, malaria,
respiratory disorders, anthelmintic (human,
livestock), heartburn, tuberculosis, diabetes,
bone/joint pain, kidney diseases, helminthiasis,
wounds, tonic, tranquillizer, fever, typhoid,
tuberculosis, stomach problems, dysentery, chest
pain, abdominal disorders, backache,
dysmenorrhea, internal boils due to injuries or
inammatory diseases, purgative, copious
perspiration, relaxation, appetite, measles,
stomachache
[67,68,72,77,83,88,89,105,
132,135
138,140,141,147,149,168]
Myrsine melanophloeos
(L.) R.Br. ex Sweet
Tree
Fruits, seeds,
bark
Anthelmintic, gonorrhea, heartburn, weak bones,
chest pains, joint pains, diarrhea, malaria, general
body weakness, pneumonia, stomachache, colds,
rumbling stomach, hypertension, livestock
diseases, purgative, dysmenorrhea, afterbirth
pains, amoeba, back/bone pains, blood purier,
constipation, injuries/cuts, wounds, kidney
disorders, appetizer, prostate cancer, rheumatism,
skin diseases, typhoid, headache, purgative,
arthralgia, body pain, fever
[14,41,67,68,88,99,105,
107,109,120,131,132,141,
142,145147,152]
Proteaceae
Faurea rochetiana
(A.Rich.) Chiov. ex
Pic.Serm.
Tree Bark Chronic cough [140]
Faurea salignaHarv.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Stomach upsets/ulcers, urinary tract infections,
indigestion, tonic, asthma, back/joint/bone
problems, chest problems, cough, colds/u,
general body pains, stomach disorders, diarrhea,
menstrual pains, stomachache, headache, itchy
skin rash, abdominal pain
[41,67,77,91,99,105,131,
132,135,141,142,168]
Grevillea robusta
A.Cunn. ex R.Br.
(exotic)
Tree Bark, roots
Back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
anthelmintic, sore throat, ear, chest problems,
toothache, immune booster, antidote
[14,41,116]
Macadamia tetraphylla
L.A.S.Johnson (exotic)
Tree Bark Allergies, skin cancer [41,117]
Putranjivaceae
Drypetes gerrardii
Hutch.
Tree
Leaves,
roots
Wounds, acaricide [133,147]
Ranunculaceae
Clematis brachiata
Thunb.
Liana
Roots,
leaves,
owers,
stems
Mouth inammation, stomachache, chest pains,
colds, headache, backache, syphilis, gonorrhea,
fever, arthritis, cough, malaria, amoeba, stomach
ailments, constipation, depression, u, bleeding
gums, toothache, body swellings, nasal
congestion, snuff
[77,97,103,104,122,131,
140,142,143,146,147,152,
154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 97 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Clematis hirsutaGuill.
& Perr.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, bark
Headache, colds, malaria, fever, ear problem,
chest problem, diabetes, anthelmintic, antidote
[14,67,83,98,104,109,146]
Clematis simensis
Fresen.
Liana
Roots,
stems,
leaves,
exudate,
owers
Sinusitis, allergy, colds, cough, wheezing, chest
pain, blocked nose, headache, wounds, mouth
inammation, stomachache, chest pains, malaria,
purgative, rashes, meningitis, anodyne,
abdominal pains, oral thrush, bleeding gums
[67,86,87,132,141,142,
152,168]
Clematis villosaDC. Herb Stuffy nose and associated respiratory problems [125]
Hydrastis canadensisL.
(exotic)
Herb Painkiller [41]
Nigella sativaL. (exotic)Herb Seeds Headache, hypertension, stomachache [137]
Ranunculus multidus
Forssk.
Herb
Roots, seeds,
leaves
Pneumonia, malaria, oral thrush, purgative,
expectorant
[67,141]
Thalictrum
rhynchocarpum
Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.
Herb Roots Purgative, expectorant [141]
Resedaceae
Caylusea abyssinica
(Fresen.) Fisch. &
C.A.Mey.
Herb
Roots,
whole plant
Abdominal pains, anthelmintic, cough,
abdominal pains
[99,140,141]
Rhamnaceae
Berchemia discolor
(Klotzsch) Hemsl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Diarrhea, men infertility, stomach disorder, liver
ailments, erectile dysfunction, typhoid, fever
[14,77,80,86,91,142]
Helinus integrifolius
(Lam.) Kuntze
Liana Bark Arthritis, paralysis [68]
Helinus mystacinus
(Aiton) E.Mey. ex
Steud.
Liana
Leaves,
bark, roots,
shoots
Respiratory disorders, snakebites, stomachache,
animal fever, anthrax, rinderpest, headache
[77,88,139,144]
Maesopsis eminiiEngl. Tree Bark Cough [122]
Rhamnus prinoides
L'H²r.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, seeds,
bark, leaves
Splenomegaly, infertility, cancer, syphilis,
gonorrhea, arthritis, stomachache, pneumonia,
brucellosis, indigestion, tonic, backache, arthritis,
prostate, malaria, postpartum weakness,
dizziness, dirty circulatory system, headache,
waist pains, constipation, weak joints, body
weakness, fever, diarrhea, appetizer, amoeba
dysentery, abdominal cramps, joint pains,
allergies, amoeba, bone problems, blood cleanser,
cough, colds/u, dental problems, rheumatism,
typhoid, anthelmintic, colic pain in infants, renal
disorders, skin disorders, snakebites, neck
stiffness, diabetes, abortifacient, chest problems,
pleuritis, purgative, epilepsy, mouth diseases
[14,41,67,72,77,83,86
90,92,97,99,103
105,107,109,110,113,131,
132,135,136,138,141,142,
146,147,149,152,154,168]
Rhamnus staddo
A.Rich.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
stems
Tonic, STIs, flu/colds, diabetes, endometritis,
diarrhea, chest pains, heartburn, stomachache,
toothache, cough, malaria, gonorrhea, syphilis,
diabetes, chest pain, backache, fever, pneumonia,
bone problems, dental problems, headache,
rheumatism, arthritis, venereal diseases, polio, body
aches, fever, hepatitis, menstrual problems, livestock
diseases, anaplasmosis, typhoid, male's libido,
vomiting in babies, epilepsy/tetanus, infertility,
hypertension, joint diseases, rheumatic pains,
kidney problems
[41,67,68,71,72,77,92,97,
99,103105,107,109,110,
118,121,135,136,138,140
142,147,149,152,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 98 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Scutia myrtina
(Burm.f.) Kurz
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves, fruits
Boosting immunity, stomachache, anthelmintic,
joint pains, prenatal care, tonic, pneumonia,
respiratory disorders, joint ache, retained
afterbirth, allergies, anemia, pregnancy pains,
measles, infertility, epilepsy, dizziness, fever,
ringworm, menstrual problems
[68,71,77,88,127,130
132,135,138,140,141,143,
147,151,152]
Ziziphus abyssinica
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
aerial parts
Burns, kidney, asthma, pneumonia, Contagious
Bovine Pleuropneumonia in livestock, malaria,
stomach disorders, acaricide
[77,82,104,120,133,153]
Ziziphus jujubaMill.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Tuberculosis, indigestion, diarrhea, indigestion,
cough, abdominal pains, colic pains,
stomachache, dysentery, catarrhs, amoeba,
rheumatism, retained placenta
[86,99,112,132,139,141,
142]
Ziziphus mucronata
Willd.
Shrub/
tree
Abdominal pains, prenatal care, body
inammation, snakebite, arthritis, stomachache,
diarrhea, acaricide, wounds, bleeding in
miscarriage, fecal impaction in babies/children,
heartburn, pain in pregnancy, rheumatism, joint
diseases
[67,71,77,80,87,89,99,127,
133,140,141,148,149]
Rhizophoraceae
Cassipourea celastroides
Alston
Tree Leaves Body wellness [139]
Cassipourea euryoides
Alston
Shrub/
tree
Bark Aphrodisiac, rheumatism [150]
Cassipourea malosana
(Baker) Alston
Shrub/
tree
Roots Malaria, pneumonia, cancer, broids, wounds [41,152]
Rosaceae
Alchemilla abyssinica
Fresen.
Herb Leaves
Backache, spinal cord problems, eye infection,
bruises, malaria
[109]
Hagenia abyssinica
(Bruce) J.F.Gmel.
Tree
Flowers,
bark, aerial
parts
Infertility in women, livestock diseases, amoeba,
cough, colds, u, headache, rheumatism, typhoid,
stomachache, diarrhea, anthelmintic, allergy,
gout, abdominal pains
[41,67,109,132,141,142,
152,168]
Prunus africana
(Hook.f.) Kalkman
Tree
Bark, roots,
fruits,
leaves,
stems
Eye problems, joint pains, prostate cancer,
stomachache, urinary tract infections, back pain
in women, HIV/AIDs, washing newborns to
shed off dead skin, appetizer, fever, malaria,
vomiting, diarrhea, postmenopausal syndrome,
allergies, arthritis, amoeba, back/bone problems,
blood cancer, blood cleanser, brucellosis, cancer,
cough, colds/u, dental problems, diabetes,
epilepsy, family planning, broids, injuries,
cuts/wounds, heart problems, increase blood,
indigestion, meat allergy, pneumonia,
rheumatism, tonsilitis, tumors, typhoid, ulcers,
anthelmintic, chest pains, general body weakness,
peptic ulcers, hypertension, rheumatism, brain
fatigue, congested chest, anthrax, body ache, joint
ache, cough (cow, goats, sheep, poultry, pig,
ruminants), tonic,
colorectal/breast/skin/prostate cancer, STIs,
acaricide, purgative, aphrodisiac, abdominal
pains, astringent, gonorrhea, breast cancer, liver
diseases, indigestion, meat allergy, anaplasmosis
in cattle, toothache, arthritis
[14,41,66,67,73,74,77,83,
84,86,88,89,91,95,103
105,107,109,113,116,117,
120,125,131
133,135,136,141,142,145
147,152,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 99 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Rhaphiolepis bibas
(Lour.) Galasso &
Ban (exotic)
Shrub
Roots, fruits,
bark
Kwashiorkor, marasmus, diabetes, stomachache,
toothache, earache
[41,119,144]
Rubus apetalusPoir. Shrub
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Blood cleanser, malnutrition, prophylaxis of
cancer, cough, colds, STIs, joint ailment,
stomachache
[88,144,147]
Rubus keniensis
Standl.
Shrub Roots Stomachache, STIs, afterbirth problems [120,131]
Rubus pinnatusWilld. Tree
Roots,
leaves
Malaria, diarrhea, stomachache, amoeba,
gonorrhea
[41,101,146,152]
Rubus steudneri
Schweinf.
Shrub Roots Cough, abdominal pains, stomachache [99,132]
Rubus volkensiiEngl. Shrub Fruits Cough, colds, acidity, general body health [147]
Rubiaceae
Afrocanthium keniense
(Bullock) Lantz
Shrub/
tree
Bark Liver problems [168]
Afrocanthium
lactescens(Hiern)
Lantz
Tree Roots, bark Backache, purgative [140,141]
Agathisanthemum
bojeriKlotzsch
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Prenatal care, convulsions, skin infections, colds,
stomachache, sore eyes, ears, anthelmintic
[75,112,127]
Agathisanthemum
globosum(Hochst. ex
A.Rich.) Klotzsch
Herb Roots Malaria [111]
Breonadia salicina
(Vahl) Hepper &
J.R.I.Wood
Tree Roots, bark Malaria, headache [74]
Canthium glaucum
Hiern
Shrub Fruits Malaria [111]
Catunaregam nilotica
(Stapf) Tirveng.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Constipation, stomach ailments [112,127]
Coffea arabicaL.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Back pain in women, allergies, appetizer, low
libido, pneumonia, pregnancy problems,
rheumatism, sleeping sickness, u
[41,113,146]
Coffea eugenioides
S.Moore
Tree Leaves Eye problems in livestock, heavy menstruation [116,125]
Conostomium
quadrangulare
(Rendle) Cufod.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Purgative, lice infestation [141]
Coptosperma
graveolens(S.Moore)
Degreef
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
stems,
leaves
Malaria, aphrodisiac, erectile dysfunction,
eyedrops, ulcers, sores, smallpox lesions, swollen
legs and body pains during pregnancy
[104,119,134,139,142]
Craterispermum
schweinfurthiiHiern
Shrub/
liana
Bark Aphrodisiac, diarrhea, malaria, veterinary [116]
Dirichletia glaucescens
Hiern
Shrub Leaves Insecticide e.g., termites [84]
Dolichopentas
longiora(Oliv.)
Kårehed & B.Bremer
Herb
Bark, roots,
leaves
Laxative, skin, malaria, purgative, back pains, lice
infestation, warts
[67,91,115,120,141,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 100 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Galium aparinoides
Forssk.
Herb
Roots,
whole plant
Stomach ulcers, urinary infections, throat cancer
in cattle, anaplasmosis in cattle, nervous and
urinary disorders
[89,105,168]
Galium simense
Fresen.
Herb Leaves Cancer, general body rashes [131]
Galium spuriumL. Herb
Roots,
leaves
Stomach disorders, false teeth [109]
Gardenia
posoquerioides
S.Moore
Shrub/
tree
Syphilis [142]
Gardenia ternifolia
Schumach. & Thonn.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, fruits,
bark
Malaria, purgative, acaricide, emetic, eyes,
amoeba, vomiting, cough, pneumonia, epigastric
pain, appetizer, heartburn, chest pain, mental
illness
[67,71,72,98,132,133,140,
142,143,148]
Gardenia transvenulosa
Verdc.
Shrub/teeRoots Stomach ailments [142]
Gardenia volkensii
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, fruits,
bark
Emetic, back/joint/bone problems, burns,
malaria, STIs, snakebite, breast/uterine/skin
cancer, purgative, colds, sores, cough,
stomachache, anthelmintic
[14,41,86,87,117,142]
Hymenodictyon
parvifoliumOliv.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Constipation, diarrhea, snakebites, livestock
diseases, ears sores, sooth red eyes, ulcer pains,
aid conception, edema
[51,64,96,100,105]
Keetia gueinzii(Sond.)
Bridson
Shrub/
liana
Bark, roots
Asthma, pneumonia, cough, allergy, joint pains,
appetizer, fatigue, diarrhea
[98,144]
Lamprothamnus
zanguebaricusHiern
Shrub/
tree
Roots Diarrhea [127]
Lasianthus
kilimandscharicus
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Malaria, colds [14]
Meyna tetraphylla
(Schweinf. ex Hiern)
Robyns
Shrub/
tree
Roots Alleviate pain in pregnant women [142]
Mussaenda arcuata
Poir.
Shrub
Leaves, barkJoint pains, venereal diseases [144]
Oxyanthus speciosus
DC.
Shrub/
tree
Bark Sore throat [72]
Pavetta abyssinica
Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Colorectal/skin/breast cancer, purgative,
abdominal pains
[91,117,141]
Pavetta crassipes
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Chronic joint pains, asthma, acaricide [118,130,133]
Pavetta oliveriana
Hiern
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Acaricide, aphrodisiac, abdominal pains,
meningitis
[133,141]
Pavetta subcanaHiern Shrub
Roots,
whole plant
Gonorrhea, cough (cows), eas (cattle) [67,89,142]
Pavetta teitana
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots
Pneumonia [74]
Pentanisia ouranogyne
S.Moore
Herb Roots Tonic, appetizer in babies/children, malaria [67,111,140]
Pentas lanceolata
(Forssk.) Deers
Herb/
shrub
Roots, bark
Joint aches, malaria, kidney problems, scurvy,
depression, arthritis, venereal disease
[97,104,147]
Plants2023,12, 1145 101 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Pentas pubiora
S.Moore
Herb/
shrub
Roots Purgative [99,141]
Pentas zanzibarica
(Klotzsch) Vatke
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Malaria, tonic [41,67,84]
Pentodon pentandrus
(Schumach. &
Thonn.) Vatke
Herb Roots Anthelmintic, pneumonia, cough [74]
Polysphaeria multiora
Hiern
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Sore muscles, wounds [142]
Psychotria amboniana
K.Schum.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Convulsions, headache [127,142]
Psychotria faucicola
K.Schum.
Shrub Roots Diarrhea [142]
Psychotria holtzii
(K.Schum.)
E.M.A.Petit
Shrub Leaves Colds [142]
Psychotria kirkiiHiern Shrub Roots Malaria, meat allergy [136,140]
Psychotria lauracea
(K.Schum.)
E.M.A.Petit
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Childbirth, given to women after birth
Glover et al.
1966[14,67,142]
Psychotria orophila
E.M.A.Petit
Shrub/
tree
Malaria [136]
Psydrax parviorus
(Afzel.) Bridson
Shrub/
tree
Back/joint/bone problems, diarrhea [41]
Psydrax schimperianus
(A.Rich.) Bridson
Shrub/
tree
Shoots,
roots, bark
Breast cancer, diarrhea, wounds, strengthen
bones, general body weakness, abdominal pains,
backache, joint pains
[117,132,140,141,144,168]
Pyrostria
phyllanthoidea(Baill.)
Bridson
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark
Dizziness, weak bones, bad breadth, retained
placenta
[139,140]
Rhodopentas bussei
(K.Krause) Kårehed &
B.Bremer
Herb/
shrub
Roots Venereal diseases [142]
Rhodopentas parvifolia
(Hiern) Kårehed &
B.Bremer
Shrub Roots, bark Vomiting, malaria, constipation in children [81,129,140]
Rubia cordifoliaL. Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Mouth inammation, gonorrhea, diarrhea,
vomiting, pneumonia, cough, whooping cough,
skin infection, heartburn, oral thrush, livestock
diseases, malaria, upper respiratory tract
infections, ringworms, oral infections,
anthelmintic, stomachache, hypertension, chest
pain, dysentery, urinary disorders
[68,77,86,99,104,109,115,
119,120,123,138,140,141,
143,152,168]
Rytigynia
acuminatissima
(K.Schum.) Robyns
Shrub/
tree
Bark Arthritis [154]
Spermacoce princeae
(K.Schum.) Verdc.
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Breast/colorectal/skin cancer, boils [117,119]
Tarenna pavettoides
(Harv.) Sim
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Correct fetus during parturition [144]
Plants2023,12, 1145 102 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Tennantia sennii
(Chiov.) Verdc. &
Bridson
Shrub Roots Diarrhea, malaria, impotence and infertility [51]
Uncaria africana
G.Don
Shrub/
liana
Roots, bark Stomach disorder, strength [77]
Vangueria apiculata
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, twigs
Prolonged menstruation, arthritis, veterinary
uses, body swellings, warts, tuberculosis
[66,116,144,154]
Vangueria infausta
Burch.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Snakebites, prenatal care, cough, colds, body
pains, anthelmintic, pneumonia (cow, goat, sheep,
poultry), stop menses, fever, eye problems
[14,73,74,105,112,116,
127,147]
Vangueria
madagascariensis
J.F.Gmel.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark,
shoots
Mouth infection in babies, stomach
complications, brucellosis, cholera, heartburn,
loin pains, medicine antidote, pancreatic diseases,
prostrate problems, rheumatism, typhoid,
arthritis, men infertility, malaria, colic pain,
anthelmintic (human, animals)
[41,67,84,86,103,104,109,
140,146,154]
Vangueria volkensii
K.Schum.
Shrub/
tree
Malaria, amoeba [41,124]
Rutaceae
Calodendrum capense
(L.f.) Thunb.
Tree Bark
Stomach upsets, emetic, fever, bleeding wounds
(human, sheep)
[105,109,145]
Citrusaurantiifolia
(Christm.) Swingle
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
fruits
Replacement milk for nursing mothers, colds, u[108]
CitrusaurantiumL.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
fruits, bark
Cough, colds/u, arthritis, cancer, low libido,
nose bleeding, rheumatism, eye ache
[41,146,150]
Citruslimon(L.)
Osbeck
Shrub/
tree
Fruits,
leaves
Malaria, stomachache, u, colds, ringworm,
asthma, back/joint/bone problems, blood
cleanser, chest congestions/pains, ear-nose-threat
infections, appetizer, rheumatism, typhoid, skin
rashes, pneumonia, prostate cancer, infertility,
anthelmintic
[14,41,74,94,106,108,143,
146,150]
Clausena anisata
(Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Malaria, anthelmintic, stomach problems,
prostate, convulsions, cough, colds, mouth
infection in babies, emetic, blood cleanser, stroke,
whooping cough, body pains, constipation,
poisoning, diarrhea, pneumonia, teeth cleansing,
protracted labor, retained placenta, postpartum
hemorrhage, headache, fever, indigestion,
toothache, kidney/heart diseases, livestock
diseases, vertigo, abdominal pains, typhoid, chest
pain, respiratory problems, measles, chest
diseases, tonsillitis, afterbirth pains, menstrual
problems
[14,74,81,84,88,99,101,
103105,109,111,120,121,
127,138,141
144,146,147,150,168]
Fagaropsis angolensis
(Engl.) H.M.Gardner
Tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Chest problems, gut problems, induces
menopause, amoeba, bone problems, cough,
colds, u, diarrhea, dysentery, livestock diseases,
malaria, rheumatism, stomach disorders, typhoid,
anthelmintic, joint pains, stomachache, headache,
chest problems, STIs, expectorant, abdominal
pains, backache
[41,66,74,84,93,103,104,
111,116,141,146,147]
Plants2023,12, 1145 103 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Fagaropsis
hildebrandtii(Engl.)
Milne-Redh.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Morning sickness, women's infertility, malaria,
asthma, ulcers, chronic joint pains, abscesses,
arthritis, cough, colds/u, postpartum
hemorrhage, milk letdown, prevent rst/second
trimester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy anemia,
swollen legs and body pains during pregnancy
[41,81,94,102,129,130,
139]
Harrisonia abyssinica
Oliv.
Shub/tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
Gonorrhea, syphilis, malaria, arthritis, STIs,
stomach pains, body pains, diarrhea,
stomachache, pneumonia, infertility, eye
ointment, ringworms, blood purier, cough, chest
congestion, helminthiasis, amoeba, abscess, ECF,
lumbago, rheumatism, retained placenta,
inducing abortion, acaricide, headache,
pregnancy problems, typhoid, chest problems,
asthma, abdominal pains, back ache/joint ache,
wounds, swollen breasts and testicles, boils,
pregnancy problems, bubonic plague,
anthelmintic, kidney problems, diabetes,
menstrual problems
[14,41,66,68,72,74,76,77,
79,80,84,90,93,98,100,102,
103,105,108,111,112,118,
124,127,129,132,133,138,
141143,146,147,153]
Toddalia simplicifolia
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Pneumonia, allergy, gonorrhea, diarrhea, malaria,
stomachache, weak bones, rib bones, eye
problem, colds, u, joint pains, skin rashes, chest
troubles, poisoning, diabetes, cerebral malaria,
fevers, hepatitis, fever, oral trash, wounds,
typhoid, rm stool, stomach acid, tonic, blood
pressure, joint diseases, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy, edema
[51,67,68,71,77,83,84,96,
99,100,103105,111,128,
129,136,139,147,149,152]
Vepris eugeniifolia
(Engl.) I.Verd.
Shrub Bark leaves Hepatitis, sore throat, malaria, body pains [72,77]
Vepris glomerata
(F.Hoffm.) Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Colds, snakebites [127]
Vepris nobilis (Delile)
Mziray
Shrub/
tree
Bark, roots,
leaves
Toothbrush, brucellosis, aphrodisiac, livestock
diseases, malaria, headache, joint pains, colds,
pneumonia, anthelmintic, chest pain, arthritis,
backache, blood cleanser, invigorant, stimulate
immunity, stomachache, labor, back/bone
problems, nausea, rheumatism, amoeba,
acaricide, asthma, tonic, dizziness, cough,
expectorant, abdominal pains, internal body
pains/weakness, anthrax
[41,67,84,86,88,89,98,104,
109,119,120,133,135,136,
140,141,143,145,152]
Vepris samburuensis
Kokwaro
Shrub/
tree
Liver problems [136]
Vepris sansibarensis
(Engl.) Mziray
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Snakebites, body inammation, reproductive
disorder
[127,150]
Zanthoxylum asiaticum
(L.) Appelhans,
Groppo & J.Wen
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark,
stems, fruits
Abdominal pains, gynecological disorders
including infertility, cough, colds, cancer, renal
disorders, anthelmintic in cattle, malaria,
backpain in women, mouth inammation, joint
pain, boils, chest pains, general body weakness,
headache, fever, mouth infection in babies,
pneumonia, stomachache, sore throat, tonic,
respiratory disorders, TB, urinary tract problems,
arthritis, cancer, throat cancer, joint aches, food
poisoning, rheumatism, asthma, irregular
menstruation, back pains, indigestion, kidney
problems, typhoid, amoeba, aphrodisiac, rms
stool, abdominal pains, emesis in livestock
[14,67,71,72,79,82,86
89,98,99,103,107,109,115,
118120,123
125,129,131,132,134
136,140,141,143,144,147,
150,152,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 104 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Zanthoxylum
chalybeumEngl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves,
seeds, fruits
STIs, u/cold, indigestion, throat infection, pain
in fallopian tubes, asthma, pneumonia, malaria,
ulcers, fever, general body pains, gastric lesions
and pain, urinary tract infections, venereal
diseases, bleeding gums, chest pains, stomach
problems, anthrax, measles, epilepsy, psychotic
disorders, oral thrush, emetic, sore throat,
livestock diseases, joint pains, cholera, allergies,
back/bone problems, constipation, cough, dental
problems, gouts, headache, injuries,
cuts/wounds, rheumatism, ringworms, TB,
ulcers, sores, diabetes mellitus, chest congestion,
mouth sores/ulcers, freshens the mouth,
anthelmintic, toothache, delayed labor, rst
trimester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy edema,
snakebite, keep gums hard and healthy, amoeba,
mouth ulcers, headache, typhoid, stomachache,
waterborne diseases, body pains, boils, muscular
pains, diarrhea, abdominal pains, epilepsy, peptic
ulcers, obesity, reproductive disorders, anthrax,
immune booster, cattle cough, swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, retained placenta,
kidney problems, edema
[14,41,51,64,72,74,76,77,
7981,84
86,88,91,92,96,98100,102,
103,106,109,111,112,127
132,134,138,139,141
143,146148,150,151]
Zanthoxylum gilletii
(De Wild.)
P.G.Waterman
Tree
Bark, leaves,
seeds, roots
Asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, colic pain,
constipation, hepatomegaly, severe body
inammation, tongue, anthrax, cough, colds,
chest problems, malaria, rheumatism, joint aches,
skin cancer, scabies, gut problems, buccal/oral
problems, headache, cardiac conditions, gout,
veterinary uses, asthma, pneumonia, body
malaise, fevers, anaplasmosis in cattle, toothache,
bleeding gums, snakebites, headache, prostate
cancer, dental problems, arthralgia, joint pains,
fever, venereal diseases, stomachache, scratches
on body, wounds
[14,66,87,98,101,116,117,
125,142144,147,168]
Zanthoxylum
holtzianum(Engl.)
P.G.Waterman
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Ulcer, cough [145]
Zanthoxylum rubescens
Planch. ex Hook.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, leaves Breast/colorectal/skin/esophageal cancer [117]
Zanthoxylum
usambarense(Engl.)
Kokwaro
Tree
Bark, leaves,
fruits, seeds,
roots, stems
Malaria, diarrhea, postpartum weakness,
backache, joint pains, emetic, amoeba, arthritis,
bone problems, body weakness, brucellosis,
cough, colds, u, headache, rheumatism, STIs,
stomach disorders, tonsilitis, typhoid, ulcers,
throat infections, respiratory tract infections,
malignant catarrhal fever, fever, chest pain, sore
throat, livestock medicine, chest pain, pneumonia,
toothache, bleeding gums, bad breath, purgative
[41,67,68,77,93,103
105,107,113,135,137,138,
140,142,168]
Salicaceae
Casearia battiscombei
R.E.Fr.
Tree Bark, roots
Joint problems, abdominal pains, infertility,
stomachache
[88,120]
Plants2023,12, 1145 105 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Dovyalis abyssinica
(A.Rich.) Warb.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
stems,
leaves, fruit,
bark
Splenomegaly, arthritis, infertility, indigestion,
postpartum weakness, diarrhea, malaria,
afterbirth weakness, joint pain, STIs, backache,
anthelmintic, stomachache, general body
weakness, pneumonia, dirty circulatory system,
stomach ulcers, boost immunity,
seizures/epilepsy, muscle pains, invigorant,
blood cleanser, skin rashes, venereal diseases,
bone problems, cough, colds, u, appetizer,
rheumatism, gonorrhea, toothache, chest pains,
colic pain in infants, headache, eyes problems,
wounds, body pains, boils, heartburn, acidity,
stomach ailments, chiggers, aphrodisiac,
abdominal pains, typhoid, kidney problems,
diabetes
[14,41,84,8789,105,113,
131,132,135,138,141,142,
146,147,152,168]
Dovyalis caffra
(Hook.f. & Harv.)
Warb. (exotic)
Shrub Fruits
Lack of appetite, malaria, rheumatism, cough
(cow, goat, sheep, poultry, pig, ruminant)
[41,73]
Dovyalis macrocalyx
(Oliv.) Warb.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant,
fruits
Constipation, peptic ulcers, headache, colds, joint
pain, fever, malaria, breast problem, stomach
complications, body weakness, seizures/epilepsy,
skin rashes, boils, acaricide
[88,109,125,133,144,146]
Flacourtia indica
(Burm.f.) Merr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
leaves
Measles, chickenpox, dysmenorrhea, STIs,
back/joint/bone problems, malaria, pneumonia,
anthelmintic, arthritis, hypertension,
stomachache, indigestion, asthma, indigestion,
diarrhea, gonorrhea, infertility, anti-venom,
abdominal pains
[41,74,86,87,99,111,120,
132,141,154]
Ludia mauritiana
J.F.Gmel.
Shrub/
tree
Roots Malaria [14]
Oncoba routledgei
Sprague
Shrub/
tree
Fruits,
owers
Jiggers, biopesticide [74]
Oncoba spinosaForssk.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Skin diseases [144]
Scolopia theifoliaGilg
Shrub/
tree
Roots STIs [142]
Scolopia zeyheri(Nees)
Szyszyl.
Shrub/
tree
Bark Gonorrhea [152]
Trimeria grandifolia
(Hochst.) Warb.
Shrub/
tree
Stem, bark,
roots, fruits,
leaves
Malaria, brucellosis, postpartum weakness,
cough, backache, weak bones, colds, heartburn,
STIs, arthritis, gonorrhea, heartburn, toothache,
renal disorders, cancer, arthritis, rheumatism,
fever, chest pain, joint pains, dysmenorrhea
[67,77,86,104,105,107,113,
120,124,135,136,138,140
142,145,147,152,154,168]
Salvadoraceae
Azima tetracantha
Lam.
Shrub Roots Stomach disorders [142]
Dobera glabra(Forssk.)
Juss. Ex Poir.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
branches
Eye problem, amoebiasis, anemia, rheumatism,
gouts
[100,132,150]
Plants2023,12, 1145 106 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Salvadora persicaL.
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
roots, twigs,
leaves
Malaria, u/cold, colds, stomachache, internal
wounds, induce bile release from the gall bladder,
eye infections, anthelmintic, constipation, tonic,
respiratory infections, pneumonia, abdominal
pain, colic pain, joint pains, abscesses, typhoid,
blocked nose, fever, abortion, childbirth, retained
placenta (cattle, human), ulcers, seizures, mange,
trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, anthrax, cleaning
the stomach after birth, emetic, purgative, dental
caries, toothache, gum diseases, livestock
diseases, backache, chest problems, chest pains,
ulcers, aphrodisiac, labor pain, obesity, hernia,
whitening teeth, rib pain, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy, eye infections
[14,41,64,68,72,77,80,88,
9092,94,96,100,105,107,
110,121,130,136,138,139,
149,150]
Santalaceae
Osyridicarpos
schimperianus(Hochst.
ex A.Rich.) A.DC.
Shrub Malaria, swollen breasts [136]
Osyris lanceolata
Hochst. & Steud.
Shrub/
tree
Stems, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds
Ringworms, impotence, fatigue, boost immunity,
back/joint/bone problems, cough/colds/u,
AIDS, allergies, back/joint/bone problems, blood
purier, chest problems, general body pains,
fever, malaria, pneumonia, prostate cancer,
rheumatism, stomach disorders, anthelmintic,
abdominal pains in children, diarrhea, gonorrhea,
pregnancy problems, swollen breasts, indigestion,
excessive bleeding after birth, mosquito repellant,
dysentery, typhoid, fever, tonic, swollen udder in
cows, purgative, insecticide, cow fever, typhoid
in livestock
[14,41,72,77,84,89,99,100,
105,107,129,135,136,140
142,145,147,168]
Viscum bagshawei
Rendle
Shrub
Leaves,
stems
Enhance sexual performance [143]
Viscum scheriEngl. Shrub
Whole plant,
branches,
twigs
Pneumonia, emetic, purgative, retained afterbirth,
chest pains, hypertension, diarrhea, respiratory
problems
[67,77,99,168]
Viscum tuberculatum
A.Rich.
Shrub
Branches,
bark
Pneumonia, retained afterbirth, hypertension,
diarrhea, respiratory problems
[67,68,99,168]
Sapindaceae
Allophylus abyssinicus
(Hochst.) Radlk.
Tree
Leaves,
roots, bark,
fruits
Boils, hunchback, rickets, colds, skin problems,
fatigue, boost immunity, headache, heartache,
chest pains, childbirth problems, STIs, crooked
limps, irregular menstruation, fever, weight loss,
edema, toothache
[14,66,88,116,120,144,
146,152,168]
Allophylus pervillei
Blume
Shrub/
tree
Roots, stem
bark, leaves
Headache, prenatal care, colds, wounds, broids,
female reproductive disorders
[75,127,150]
Allophylus rubifolius
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Engl.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Headache, prenatal care [127]
Aporrhiza paniculata
Radlk.
Tree Bark Tuberculosis [142]
Blighia unijugata
Baker
Tree
Stems, roots,
bark
Veterinary uses, headache, fever [112,116,144]
Cardiospermum
corindumL.
Herb Bark, roots
Anthelmintic, amoeba, joint pains, malaria, polio,
snakebites, stomachache, STI's
[14,72,77,84,146]
Plants2023,12, 1145 107 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cardiospermum
halicacabumL.
Herb
Seeds, roots,
leaves
Snakebite, malaria, polio, antidote for arrow
poison, eye medicine, rashes, boils, sprained
muscles
[136,143,168]
Deinbollia borbonica
Scheff.
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Septic swelling, stomachache, aphrodisiac,
diabetes, gastrointestinal complaints
[127,150]
Deinbollia
kilimandscharicaTaub.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits Poisonous [168]
Dodonaea viscosaJacq.
Shrub/
tree
Bark, twigs,
leaves, roots
Excessive menstruation, respiratory disorders,
back/bone joints problems, diarrhea, stomach
disorders, malaria, ECF, chest pain, pneumonia,
stimulates milk after birth, respiratory disorders,
rheumatic, dysmenorrhea, colds, tonsills in cattle
[14,41,73,77,88,99,104,
113,115,132,141,168]
Haplocoelum foliolosum
(Hiern) Bullock
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Eye lotion [77]
Lepisanthes
senegalensis(Poir.)
Leenh.
Tree
Fruits,
leaves
Poisonous [142]
Pappea capensisEckl.
& Zeyh.
Shrub/
tree
Stem, bark,
leaves, roots,
seeds
Backache, tonic, appetizer, indigestion, infertility,
gout, stomachache, stamina, aphrodisiac, typhoid
fever, amoebic dysentery, abdominal pain,
excessive menstruation, body/muscle building,
tuberculosis, rib/joint pains, AIDs, arthritis, bone
problems, chest problems, cough, colds, u,
diarrhea, malaria, diabetes, body aches,
invigorator, rheumatism, body weakness,
postpartum hemorrhage, emetic, cancer,
rheumatoid arthritis
[41,67,77,81,84,89
92,97,102,105,107,113,129,
130,135,138,142,147
149,154,168]
Paullinia pinnataL. Liana
Leaves,
roots
Hiccoughs, acaricide, poisonous, diarrhea,
snakebite
[125,133,142,144]
Zanha africana
(Radlk.) Exell
Tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Miscarriage (bleeding), typhoid fever, abscesses,
malaria, pregnancy edema, dog poison,
pneumonia, toothache, u, kidney ailments,
allergies
[41,81,84,94,102,129,151]
Sapotaceae
Aningeria
adol-friederici(Engl.)
Robyns & Gilbert
Tree Latex, bark Backache, stomachache, poisonous [77,99,120,168]
Englerophytum
oblanceolatum
(S.Moore) T.D.Penn.
Shrub/
tree
Fruits
Ulcers in digestive track, boils around belly,
scabies
[116,125]
Manilkara discolor
(Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.
Tree Bark Stomach disorders [77]
Manilkara mochisia
(Baker) Dubard
Tree Roots, bark Cough, colds, snakebites, fever [100,127,142]
Manilkara
sansibarensis(Engl.)
Dubard
Tree Bark Pneumonia, rheumatism, cough [112,142,150]
Manilkara sulcata
(Engl.) Dubard
Shrub/
tree
Roots
Cough, chest pains, snakebites, stings,diarrhea,
ulcers/stomach upsets, foot and mouth disease in
cattle
[100,127,134]
Sideroxylon inermeL.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark Chest pains, cough, disorders in menstruation [127]
Plants2023,12, 1145 108 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Synsepalum
cerasiferum(Welw.)
T.D.Penn.
Tree Latex, bark Colorectal/esophageal cancer, wounds [117,142]
Vitellariopsis kirkii
(Baker) Dubard
Shrub/
tree
Roots Stomach ailments [127]
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja polystachya
Fresen.
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Infertility, eye diseases [99,120,141]
Simaroubaceae
Brucea antidysenterica
J.F.Mill.
Shrub/
tree
Arrow poison, malaria [136]
Smilacaceae
Smilax ancepsWilld. Liana Shoots STIs [144]
Solanaceae
Capsicum annuumL.
(exotic)
Herb/
shrub
Fruits,
leaves,
stems
Eye problems, cellulitis, diarrhea/dysentery (cow,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig), dullness (poultry),
Newcastle disease, coccidiosis (poultry),
weakness/dullness (cow, goat, sheep, poultry,
pig), throat/breast/squamous cell carcinoma,
joint problems, acaricide, tumors, constipation,
abdominal pains
[73,94,95,117,119,133,
139,143,144,150,168]
Datura metelL.
(exotic)
Herb
Stems,
leaves,
owers
Poison, respiratory congestion [134]
Datura stramoniumL.
(exotic)
Herb
Seeds,
leaves, roots,
fruits
Colds, mouth inammation, toothache, asthma,
ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice, ea infestation (cow,
poultry), tick infestation (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), coccidiosis and Newcastle (poultry),
foot rot (cow, goat, sheep, ruminant, pig), body
swellings, tonsils, earache, wounds, boils, asthma,
fever, poisonous, madness, epilepsy
[73,88,115,138,144,152,
168]
Lycium europaeumL. Shrub
Root, leaves,
stem
Malaria, rheumatism, breast swelling, headache,
backache, respiratory diseases, rib pain, backpain,
joint pain, cough
[72,77,137,142]
Nicotiana tabacumL.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
fruits
Eye problems, malnutrition, insecticide, wounds,
colds, constipation, pesticide of stored grains,
stomach infections, babesiosis, gastroenteritis,
chronic cough, gingivitis, candidiasis, glossitis,
ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice and eas' infestation
(cow, poultry), acaricide, expectorant, leech
[68,73,88,96,109,120,133,
137,141,146,147,168]
Physalis lagascae
Roem. & Schult.
Herb
Leaves,
whole plant
Stomachache, boils, malaria, facilitate childbirth [76,119,144]
Physalis peruvianaL. Herb
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Malaria, postpartum pain, diarrhea, cholera, joint
pains, stiff joints, skin allergies, respiratory
disorders, tonsillitis, arthritis, anthelmintic,
cough, colds, anemia, acidity, chest problems,
typhoid, acaricide, mouth ulcers, ear discharge,
stomachache, indigestion, constipation, diuretic,
asthma, abdominal ailments, headache, hiccups,
bloat in cattle/humans
[14,88,89,101,110,113,
115,119,122,133,143,146,
147,152,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 109 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Solanum aculeastrum
Dunal
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, fruits
Pneumonia, liver diseases, boils at teething, chest
problems, malaria, joint pains, infertility in
women, diarrhea, gonorrhea, livestock diseases,
eye problems, fever, spinal cord problem, colds,
toothache, nausea fever, osteomyelitis, backache,
rheumatism, pesticide of stored grains, warts,
bleeding gums, respiratory symptoms and
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (livestock),
skin/breast/cervical cancer, tonsils, wounds,
bronchitis, venom, expectorant, dysmenorrhea,
immune booster
[14,67,82,87,99,109,113,
115,117,131,132,141,142,
146,147,152,168]
Solanum
aculeatissimumJacq.
Herb/
shrub
Roots,
leaves
Asthma, cough, colds, eye problem, fever, spinal
cord problem, throat problems, wounds
[87,109,136]
Solanum americanum
Mill.
Herb
Leaves,
fruits, roots
STIs, general body problems, chest pains, joint
pains, backache, stomachache, diarrhea,
gonorrhea, headache, mouth inammation,
toothache, sprains, colic pain in infants,
vitamin/mineral deciency in pregnancy,
amoeba, tonsils, anthelmintic, stomach crumps,
acidity, indigestion, diabetes, earache, toothache,
constipation, typhoid fever, teeth problems,
stomachache, fever, throat, wounds, erectile
dysfunction (impotence), malaria prevention,
respiratory disorders, burns, scalds
[41,76,79,83,84,88,106,
115,132,136,143
145,147,152,168]
Solanum anguiviLam. Shrub Fruits, roots
Skin problems, ringworms, infertility in women,
stomachache, poultry (skin rashes, loss of feather)
[73,152]
Solanum arundo
Mattei
Shrub/
tree
Roots Fever, sore throat, wounds [77,89]
Solanum goetzei
Dammer
Herb/
shrub
Leaves Abscesses [142]
Solanum hastifolium
Hochst. ex Dunal
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Eye lotion, livestock diseases (anthrax, black
quarter), diarrhea, smallpox
[77,121,142]
Solanum incanumL.
Herb/
shrub
Roots, bark,
fruits, leaves
Ear infection/ache, constipation, throat infection,
stomachache, malaria, oral hygiene, tonic, sore
throat, oral wounds/thrush, diarrhea, respiratory
disorders, toothache, ringworms, joint
pains/swelling, anthelmintic, amoeba, asthma,
back/bone joints problems, brucellosis, chest
problems, cough, colds/u, dental problems,
family planning, gastritis,
poison/sting/snake/spider bite antidote,
pesticide, pimples, prostate cancer, rheumatism,
ringworms, skin diseases, TB, fever, chest pain,
wounds, skin disorders, respiratory disorders in
sheep, arthritis, headache, sprains, rabies,
whitlow, emetic, diabetes mellitus, polio, jiggers,
warts, fever, ingestion, ectoparasites/acaricide,
delayed labor, prevent abortion, vomiting,
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
lumpy skin disease (cow), foot rot (cow, goat,
sheep, ruminants, pig), infection of umbilical
cord, erectile dysfunction, abdominal/colic pains,
backache, liver enlargement, scabies, expectorant,
boils, kidney problem, hasten child delivery,
typhoid, edema, leprosy, chickenpox, pneumonia,
HIV, swollen legs in pregnancy, retained placenta,
measles, sheep (colds)
[14,41,51,6668,72,73,76,
77,79,81,82,84,85,88
92,96,99101,103,105,106,
111,115,119,120,125,128
130,132,133,135,136,138,
139,141144,146
148,150,152,154,168]
Plants2023,12, 1145 110 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Solanum mauense
Bitter
Shrub Roots, fruits
Anthelmintic, purgative, chest ailments,
pneumonia, anthrax (man/animals), malaria,
chest pains, teeth problems, u, stomachache,
fever, throat, wounds
[67,89,131,132,136,142,
168]
Solanum mauritianum
Scop. (exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Fruits, bark,
roots
Pneumonia, cough, asthma, malaria,
splenomegaly, colorectal cancer, skin rashes, STIs,
poisonous
[87,115,117,144]
Solanum nakurense
C.H.Wright
Herb/
shrub
Fruits Pneumonia, otitis media [131,152]
Solanum
nigriviolaceumBitter
Shrub Fruits, roots
Teeth problems, ringworms, rashes, colds, skin
infections, joint pain, wounds, chest pain, fever,
ear problem, cough, livestock diseases
[67,87,99,109,143]
Solanum runsoriense
C.H. Wright
Liana Fever, throat, wounds [136]
Solanum
schumannianum
Dammer
Shrub Fever, throat, wounds [136]
Solanum taitenseVatkeShrub
Roots,
leaves,
stems
Arthritis, malaria, typhoid, stomachache,
respiratory
[92,105]
Solanum terminale
Forssk.
Shrub/
liana
Fruits, roots
Arthritis, toothache, chest congestion, rashes,
fever, throat, wounds
[86,132,136,154]
Solanum tettense
Klotzsch
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves
Boils, abscesses, diabetes mellitus, fever, typhoid,
throat, wounds, threatened miscarriage, stomach
pains, retained placenta, abdominal pains,
diarrhea
[51,72,77,85,94,123,136,
139,141,142]
Solanum tuberosumL.
(exotic)
Herb Bites, wounds [41]
Solanum zanzibarense
Vatke
Shrub Roots Toothache [142]
Withania somnifera(L.)
Dunal
Herb/
shrub
Roots, bark,
whole plant, fruits, stems,
leaves
Tonic, backache, joint pains, galactagogue,
appetite, livestock diseases, gonorrhea, excessive
menstrual ow, postpartum pain, meningitis,
cerebral malaria, anthrax, detoxify meat from
infected animal, urinary tract, rectal problems,
STIs, diarrhea, toothache, joint pains, bone
problems, cough/colds/u, malaria, arthritis,
pneumonia, painkiller, stomach upsets, burns,
wounds, headache, rheumatism, boils, allergic
conditions, retained afterbirth, eye diseases,
coagulant, acaricide, amoeba, cancer, purgative,
anodyne, anthrax, skin sores/ulcers, gum
diseases, abdominal pains, aphrodisiac,
gynecological problems, jaundice, hepatitis,
stomachache, diabetes, blood pressure
[14,41,67,72,74,77,81,84,
85,88,90,91,93,103
105,113,115,120,130,132,
133,141
143,146,147,154,168]
Stilbaceae
Nuxia congestaR.Br.
ex Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Leaves,
roots, bark
Backache, stomachache, joint pains, body
weakness, respiratory disorders, indigestion,
menstrual pains, astringent, abdominal/colic
pains, u, malaria, typhoid, smallpox,
pneumonia, rashes, varicose veins, vomiting,
mumps, tonsils, edema, dysmenorrhea,
expectorant, colds, cough
[14,88,91,99,109,132,141,
145,152]
Talinaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 111 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Talinum caffrum
(Thunb.) Eckl. &
Zeyh.
Herb Roots Prevent abortion, fever [139]
Talinum
portulacifolium
(Forssk.) Asch. ex
Schweinf.
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Arthritis, backache, STIs e.g., gonorrhea, wounds,
boils
[77,92]
Theaceae
Camellia sinensis(L.)
Kuntze (exotic)
Shrub/
tree
Leaves Eye problems, stomach disorders, STIs [14,41,95]
Thymelaeaceae
Englerodaphne
subcordata(Meisn.)
Engl.
Shrub Roots
Constipation in children, allergy after eating
meat, poisonous
[140]
Gnidia involucrata
Steud. ex A.Rich.
Herb/
shrub
Stalks Expectorant [141]
Lasiosiphon glaucus
Fresen.
Shrub/
tree
Roots, bark,
twigs,
leaves
Fibers are said to be poisonous, arrow poison,
abdominal pains, back pains, joint ache,
insecticide, irregular menstruation
[84,136,141,142,168]
Lasiosiphon latifolius
(Oliv.) Brenan
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, bark
Poisonous, ulcers, evacuation of bowels, toxic to
cows, pesticide, snakebites, pesticide for maize
storage
[96,99,100,142,145]
Struthiola thomsonii
Oliv.
Herb/
shrub
Roots Cough, stomachache [67,99,142]
Synaptolepis kirkii
Oliv.
Shrub
Fruits,
leaves, roots
Anthelmintic, convulsions, wounds, snakebite,
female infertility, hydrocele
[127,142,150]
Typhaceae
Typha domingensis
Pers.
Herb Roots Diabetes, diarrhea, impotency, female conditions [83,168]
Typha latifoliaL. Herb Roots Diarrhea, impotency, female conditions [168]
Urticaceae
Girardinia diversifolia
(Link) Friis
Herb Roots Tonic [77]
Laportea alatipes
Hook.f.
Herb Leaves Vitamin supplement [14]
Laportea ovalifolia
(Schumach. &
Thonn.) Chew
Herb
Roots,
leaves
Excessive menstrual bleeding, retained placenta,
diarrhea, stomach problems, gastrointestinal
infections, blood booster
[99,144]
Myrianthus holstii
Engl.
Tree
Leaves,
bark, roots
Stomachache [14]
Obetia radula(Baker)
Baker ex B.D.Jacks.
Tree Roots Barrenness [142]
Pouzolzia parasitica
(Forssk.) Schweinf.
Herb Stems, roots Burn, livestock diseases [77]
Urena lobataL. Shrub Roots Afterbirth, ease delivery [120]
Urera hypselodendron
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Wedd.
Liana
Roots,
leaves
Stomachache after birth, spider bites, antidote,
livestock diseases, pregnancy problems, tonic
[67,142,152]
Urera sansibaricaEngl.Liana Leaves Leprosy [127]
Plants2023,12, 1145 112 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Urtica dioicaL.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
roots
Diabetes, ulcers, boils, anthelmintic, skin,
stomach infections
[105,120,123]
Urtica massaica
Mildbr.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
Abdominal pains, stomachache, aphrodisiac,
irregular menstruation, poison antidote,
infertility, malaria, sprains, headache, typhoid,
dirty circulatory system, joint pains, chest pains,
mouth inammation, muscle pains, body
weakness, livestock diseases, kidney problem,
bruises, arthritis, bone problems, cough, colds,
u, diabetes, tonic, injuries/cuts, wounds,
heartburn, hypertension, leg swellings, appetizer,
pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach acid, arthritis,
adds blood in the body, cancer, diabetes, anemia,
skin/uterine/breast cancer, pimples, urinary
problems, ulcers, vomiting, leukemia, skin
roughness, problems of passing urine, fractures,
venereal diseases
[41,83,85,87,90,99,104,
107,109,113,115,117,128,
132,146,147,152,154,168]
Velloziaceae
Xerophyta spekeiBakerShrub
Whole plant,
stems
Burns, dog bites, diabetes, snakebites [84,94]
Verbenaceae
Lantana camaraL.
(exotic)
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
Diarrhea, measles, joint pains, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
dental problems, headache,
injuries/cuts/wounds, malaria, wounds, change
the sex of expected kids, toxicity, pneumonia
(cow, sheep), cough (cow, goat, sheep, poultry,
pig, ruminant), sore throat, nose bleeding,
breathing problems, acaricide, poison,
anthelmintic, hepatitis, rheumatism, toothache,
anticoagulant, liver problems, retained placenta,
conjunctivitis/eye problems, toothache, runny
nose
[14,41,73,76,80,84,86,104,
106,108,111,115,119,127,
130,133,142,143,145
147,150]
Lantana trifoliaL. Shrub
Roots,
leaves,
aerial parts.
twigs
Stomachache, malaria, diarrhea in livestock,
back/joint/bone problems, cough, colds/u,
fever, pneumonia, hypertension, heartburn, oral
thrush, hepatic diseases, glandular disorders,
rheumatism, sore throat, livestock joint problems,
constipation, hiccups, chest problems, eye injury,
anemia, ringworms, boil, mouth ulcers,
abdominal/colic pains, enhance milk letdown,
abdominal enlargement, general body weakness,
astringent, anodyne, expectorant, meningitis,
anthelmintic, hepatitis, toothache, anticoagulant,
liver problems, sore throat, conjunctivitis, eye
problems, kidney problems, urinary tract
problems
[41,74,82,86,91,92,99,101,
109,115,119,120,122,125,
138,140,141,143,145,146,
154]
Lantana ukambensis
(Vatke) Verdc.
Herb
Roots,
leaves,
whole plant
stems
Measles, malaria, smallpox, strength, colds,
headache, cough, asthma, medicine for pregnant
woman, children skin rashes, runny nose
[14,72,77,147]
Lantana viburnoides
(Forssk.) Vahl
Shrub
Leaves,
whole plant
Aphrodisiac, medicine for a pregnant woman [77,80]
Lippia abyssinica(Otto
& A.Dietr.) Cufod.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, stems
Acaricide, conjunctivitis, painful eyes [122,133]
Plants2023,12, 1145 113 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Lippia javanica
(Burm.f.) Spreng.
Shrub
Leaves,
roots, twigs,
stems
Wounds, headache, chest congestion, malaria,
migraines, measles, postpartum hemorrhage,
children skin rashes, colds/u, anaplasmosis,
amoeba, body weakness, cough, anthrax,
abdominal pains, tapeworms, chest complaints,
toothache, stomachache, bloody diarrhea,
afterbirth pains, insect repellant
[68,77,81,86,91,102,104,
115,131,140,141,143,144,
168]
Lippia kituiensisVatke
Herb/
shrub
Leaves,
roots
Respiratory problems, measles, livestock diseases,
chronic joint pains, cough, colds, u, malaria,
stomachache, emetic
[14,41,90,105]
Priva curtisiae
Kobuski
Herb Leaves Ophthalmia [67]
Verbena bonariensisL. Herb Leaves Mouth infection in babies [109]
Viburnaceae
Sambucus africana
Standl.
Herb Flowers Colds [168]
Violaceae
Rinorea ilicifolia(Welw.
ex Oliv.) Kuntze
Shrub/
tree
Roots Snakebite antidote [134]
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus africana
(Lour.) Merr.
Shrub/
liana
Roots Threatened miscarriage [141]
Cayratia ibuensis
(Hook.f.) Suess.
Herb Leaves Leprosy [144]
Cissus aphyllantha
Gilg
Shrub/
liana
Roots
Diarrhea, wounds, burns, boils, swollen legs,
body pains and pregnancy, hemorrhage, retained
placenta, headache, pneumonia
[51,77,96,139]
Cissus phymatocarpa
Masinde &
L.E.Newton
Herb Stems Septic swelling, eardrops [127]
Cissus quadrangularis
L.
Herb
Leaves,
stems, sap,
roots
Cuts, wounds, diarrhea, septic swelling, ear
drops, respiratory disorders in cattle, colds,
malaria, stomach problems, gastric ulcers,
schistosomiasis, neurosis, ECF, rheumatism,
epilepsy, TB, asthma, colibacillosis, rib pain,
livestock hepatitis, skin disorders, earache, chest
pain, pesticide, poisonous, y infestation, viral,
joint diseases, eye infections, skin problems,
diarrhea/fever/virus in poultry
[51,67,68,72,76,77,89,100,
105,121,127,142,143,149,
168]
Cissus rotundifolia
Vahl
Liana
Leaves,
roots, stems,
whole plant
Stomachache, septic swelling, ear drops, allergies,
swollen joints, spleen problems, bee stings, throat
infection, pneumonia, cough, tonic, boils, skin
diseases, body pains, cuts, skin inammation,
retained placenta, abdominal pains, septic
wounds, poultry diseases (diarrhea, fever,
sneezing)
[51,67,71,77,84,88,98,100,
127,139,142,143]
Cissus sylvicola
Masinde &
L.E.Newton
Liana Stems Septic swelling, ear drops [127]
Cyphostemma
adenocaule(Steud. ex
A.Rich.) Desc. ex
Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Liana
Roots,
leaves, bark,
whole plant
Stomachache, swollen abdomen, tuberculosis,
arthritis, malaria, jiggers, colorectal/breast/skin
cancer, syphilis, anthelmintic, pneumonia,
acaricide, weight loss
[14,72,76,99,108,117,133,
144]
Plants2023,12, 1145 114 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Cyphostemma
bambuseti(Gilg &
M.Brandt) Desc. ex
Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Liana
Back/joint problems, cough, colds/u,
HIV/AIDs, malaria, rheumatism, sore throat,
STIs, stomach disorders, bone pain, tuberculosis,
aphrodisiac
[41,136]
Cyphostemma
cyphopetalum(Fresen.)
Desc. ex Wild &
R.B.Drumm.
Herb
Leaves,
roots, whole
plant
STIs, tonic, galactagogue, stomachache, malaria,
dermatitis, eye problems, enlarged glands,
pesticide, teeth problems, gonorrhea, retained
placenta, itchy skin rash, chickenpox, swollen
legs and body pains during pregnancy
[90,91,94,96,99,132,139,
141,152]
Cyphostemma
heterotrichum(Gilg &
R.E.Fr.) Desc. ex Wild
& R.B.Drumm.
Shrub Whole plant Acaricide [133]
Cyphostemma
kilimandscharicum
(Gilg) Desc. ex Wild
& R.B.Drumm.
Herb Bone pain, tuberculosis [136]
Cyphostemma
maranguense(Gilg)
Desc.
Herb Stems Anaplasmosis, malaria [115,168]
Cyphostemma serpens
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Desc.
Herb
Leaves,
stems, roots,
whole plant
Tonic, cervical/skin/breast cancer, acaricide,
abortifacient, abscess, boils, gynecological
diseases, polio, dermatological problems
[67,91,117,133,143]
Cyphostemma
ukerewense(Gilg)
Desc.
Herb Leaves Tonsils [119]
Rhoicissus revoilii
Planch.
Liana
Roots,
stems,
whole plant
Stomachache, cuts, sores, burns, livestock
diseases, stomach disorders, strength, acaricide,
antiseptic, gastrointestinal problems, general
body malaise, malaria, facilitate
conception/pregnancy, venereal diseases, leprosy
[67,77,79,98,100,127,133,
142,143]
Rhoicissus tridentata
(L.f.) Wild &
R.B.Drumm.
Shrub/
liana
Roots,
stems, bark,
exudate
Wounds, malaria, cuts, sores, snakebites,
constipation, stomachache, diarrhea, bilharzia,
ear drops, oral cavity infections, arthritis,
livestock diseases, heartburn, peptic ulcers, renal
disorders, anemia, cleans blood, respiratory
infections, fever, menstrual pains, fever, acaricide,
anthelmintic, prevent miscarriage, prophylaxis
for children/babies diseases, abdominal pains,
skin diseases, hydrocele, tapeworms, red/painful
eyes, infertility, kidney and bladder complaints,
dysmenorrhea, livestock fever
[67,68,86,87,99,101,105,
107,123,127,133,140
142,144,147,150,154,168]
Asphodelaceae
Aloe ballyiReynolds Tree Leaves Pneumonia, malaria [84]
Aloe daweiA.Berger Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Cathartic, gastrointestinal problems, hoof
wounds, mouth diseases, anthraxdermatitis,
kidney ailment
[143,144]
Aloe desertiA.Berger Shrub Leaves Malaria [111]
Aloe elgonicaBullock Shrub
Leaves,
roots
Malaria, ulcers, urinary tract, acaricide [120,133]
Plants2023,12, 1145 115 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Aloe kedongensis
Reynolds
Shrub
Roots,
leaves
Abdominal pains in infants, rashes/ringworms,
colds, infertility in women, malaria, headache,
appetizer, livestock diseases, asthma, pneumonia,
gonorrhea, laxative, fever, wounds, anaplasmosis
in cattle, chicken diseases, typhoid, skin diseases,
ear problems, coccidiosis
[78,84,86,87,98,135,168]
Aloe kiliensis
Christian
Herb Latex Headache [127]
Aloe lateritiaEngl. Herb
Leaves, juice
Typhoid, laxative, wounds, constipation, malarial
skin conditions
[84,168]
Aloe macrosiphon
Baker
Shrub Leaves Malaria [111]
Aloe secundioraEngl. Shrub
Inorescence,
roots, leaves,
exudate,
whole plant
Tonic, ECF, headache, diarrhea, typhoid, edema,
HIV/AIDs, STIs, blood cleanser, infertility,
respiratory disorders, allergies, obesity, joint
pains, abscesses, cellulitis, cholera, ulcers,
lariasis, fatigue, scorpion stings, arthritis,
rheumatism, eyes, tuberculosis, aching ears,
diabetes, malaria, chest pains, conjunctivitis,
wounds, ectoparasites, retained afterbirth,
prevent abortion, vomiting, pneumonia, chest
pains, amoeba, rashes, anthelmintic, stomachache,
acne, laxative, constipation, colds, cuts, cough,
body weakness, abdominal pains, purgative,
indigestion, skin conditions, antiseptic, peptic
ulcers, diaphragm swelling, diarrhea in poultry
[14,51,64,68,72,74,80,81,
88,90,94,96,99,102
106,111,113,129,130,132,
139,146,147,151153,168]
Aloe vera(L.) Burm.f.
(exotic)
Herb
Leaves,
exudate
Malaria, wounds, swelling, boils, laxative,
constipation, malarian skin conditions
[74,76,111,168]
Aloe volkensiiEngl. Shrub
Leaves,
roots, bark
Headache, anthelmintic (livestock), wounds,
malaria, colorectal/esophageal/prostate cancer,
whooping cough, pneumonia, chest pain, cough,
joint pains/swellings, fever, stomachache,
diarrhea, skin diseases, hypertension, eye
problems, veterinary medicine, sore feet, jiggers
[71,92,99,109,117,127,
144,150]
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos
hildebrandtiiA.Braun
& C.D.Bouch²(exotic)
Tree Stems Septic swelling [127]
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum
angustifolium(Sonn.)
K.Schum.
Herb Seeds Anthelmintic [147]
Aframomum mala
(K.Schum.) K.Schum.
Herb Seeds Anthelmintic [143]
Aframomum melegueta
K.Schum. (exotic)
Herb Seeds Amoeba [146]
Aframomum
zambesiacum(Baker)
K.Schum.
Herb Leaves Colds [14]
Zingiber ofcinale
Roscoe (exotic)
Herb Roots
Malaria, sore throat, respiratory diseases, throat
infections, internal body pains, u, colds, fever,
indigestion, circulatory stimulant
[108,137,143,168]
Zygophyllaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 116 of 143
Species/Family Habit Parts Diseases Treated References
Balanites aegyptiaca
(L.) Delile
Tree
Roots, bark,
fruits, resin
Stomachache, respiratory disorders, itch, bone
problem, bilharzia, constipation, cough,
colds/u, headache, kwashiorkor, burns, eyes,
malaria, purgative, diarrhea,Chira,
body/chest/rib pain, rheumatism, blood cleanser,
respiratory disorders, edema, heartburn,
bilharzia, epigastric pain, expectorant,
dysmenorrhea, skin irritation, measles,
aphrodisiac, retained placenta, abdominal pains
[41,51,67,71,72,76,77,80,
88,91,96,97,99,100,104,
106,108,110,138,139,141
143,147,148]
Balanites glabra
Mildbr. & Schltr.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
branches,
fruits, bark
Induce vomiting during pregnancy or if one has
malaria, induce bile release, pneumonia, cowpox,
stomach upsets, emetic to clean the stomach,
chronic joint pains
[92,105,130,135]
Balanites pedicellaris
Mildbr. & Schltr.
Roots Emetic, skin irritations [100,142]
Balanites rotundifolia
(Tiegh.) Blatt.
Shrub/
tree
Roots,
leaves, fruits
Urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal
complications (emetic), eye infection, eye lotion,
wounds, pesticide
[68,77,91,123,142]
Balanites wilsoniana
Dawe & Sprague
Tree
Bark, leaves,
roots
General body pains, muscle injuries, insomnia,
amnesia
[127,150]
Tribulus terrestrisL. Herb Whole plant Erectile dysfunction, arthritis [91,132]
Appendix B
Checklist of food plants in Kenya; introduced species are indicated in brackets as `exotic.'
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Acanthaceae
Asystasia gangetica(L.) T.Anderson Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134,158161,166,167]
Asystasia mysorensis(Roth) T.Anderson Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,166,167,169]
Crabbea velutinaS.Moore Herb General [163]
Crossandra mucronataLindau Herb Flowers [13,163]
Crossandra niloticaOliv. Herb General [163]
Dyschoriste radicansNees Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,169]
Justicia anagalloides(Nees) T.Anderson Herb General [162]
Justicia caeruleaForssk. Herb General [163]
Justicia calyculataDeers Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,163]
Justicia ladanoidesLam. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,163]
Justicia matammensis(Schweinf.) Oliv. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,169]
Justicia odora(Forssk.) Lam. Herb General [163]
Achariaceae
Rawsonia lucidaHarv. & Sond. Tree Fruits [13,142]
Sesuvium portulacastrum(L.) L. Shrub/subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Alismataceae
Burnatia enneandraMicheli Herb Tubers [156]
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes asperaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,169]
Amaranthus blitumL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [12,134,159,160,166,167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 117 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Amaranthus caudatusL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Amaranthus graecizansL. Herb Leaves (vegetable)
[12,13,18,157,159,160,162,163,
165167]
Amaranthus hybridusL. Herb Leaves (vegetable)
[12,16,18,134,159,160,162,166,
167,169]
Amaranthus sparganiocephalusThell. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166,167]
Amaranthus spinosusL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134,159,160,166,167]
Amaranthus thunbergiiMoq. Herb General [163]
Amaranthus tortuosusHornem. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [165,166]
Caroxylon dendroides(Pall.) Tzvelev (exotic) Shrub/subshrub Leaves [13]
Celosia argenteaL. Herb
Stems, leaves
(vegetable)
[18,134]
Celosia schweinfurthianaSchinz Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Celosia trigynaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [169]
Chenopodium opulifoliumSchrad. ex
W.D.J.Koch & Ziz
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [13,16,159,160,169]
Cyathula orthacantha(Hochst. ex Asch.)
Schinz
Herb General [163]
Digera muricata(L.) Mart. Herb
Leaves, owers
(vegetable)
[18,163,166,167]
Ouret lanata(L.) Kuntze Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [166,167]
Psilotrichum sericeum(J.Koenig ex Roxb.)
Dalzell
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [161]
Pupalia lappacea(L.) Juss. Herb General [163]
Sericocomopsis hildebrandtiiSchinz Subshrub/shrub General [163]
Amaryllidaceae
Scadoxus multiorus(Martyn) Raf. Herb General [163]
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentaleL. (exotic) Tree Fruits [158]
Lannea alata(Engl.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,167]
Lannea edulis(Sond.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Lannea fulva(Engl.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits
Lannea rivae(Chiov.) Sacleux Shrub/tree Fruits, bark, tubers [13,100,142,163,165,167]
Lannea schimperi(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Lannea schweinfurthii(Engl.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits; bark (tea) [14,100,142,163,167]
Lannea triphylla(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits, roots; bark (tea) [13,18,142,156,163,167]
Ozoroa insignisDelile Shrub/tree Gum [13,163]
Pistacia aethiopicaKokwaro Tree Roots (tea) [142]
Sclerocarya birrea(A.Rich.) Hochst. Tree Seeds, fruits [100,134,142,161,163,165,167]
Sclerocarya gillettiiKokwaro Tree Fruits [142]
Searsia crenulata(A.Rich.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Searsia longipes(Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [100,167]
Searsia natalensis(Bernh. ex C.Krauss)
F.A.Barkley
Shrub/tree
Fruits; leaves
(chewed); leaves, bark
(tea)
[14,16,142,162,163,166,167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 118 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Searsia pyroides(Burch.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits; leaves (tea) [14,16,142,167]
Searsia quartiniana(A.Rich.) A.J.Mill. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Searsia ruspolii(Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Searsia tenuinervis(Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree
Fruits; leaves (chewed,
vegetable)
[142,166,167]
Sorindeia madagascariensis (Spreng.) DC. Tree Fruits [100,142]
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensisPers. Shrub/tree Fruits; bark (chewed) [16,142,167]
Annona squamosaL. (exotic) Shrub/tree Fruits [158]
Monodora myristica(Gaertn.) Dunal Tree Seeds [142]
Uvaria acuminataOliv. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,167]
Uvaria denhardtianaEngl. & Diels Shrub Fruits [142]
Uvaria kirkiiOliv. ex Hook.f. Shrub Fruits [142]
Uvaria lucidaBojer ex Benth. Shrub/tree Fruits [161]
Uvaria scheferiDiels Shrub/liana/tree Fruits [13,142,163,165,167]
Uvariodendron anisatumVerdc. Shrub/tree Fruits [14]
Apiaceae
Afroligusticum linderi(C.Norman)
P.J.D.Winter
Herb Roots [13]
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera oppositifolia(Lam.) Codd Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155]
Acokanthera schimperi(A.DC.) Schweinf. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155,167]
Ancylobothrys petersiana(Klotzsch) Pierre Shrub Fruits [100,142,155,161]
Ancylobothrys tayloris(Stapf) Pichon Liana Fruits [142]
Baseonema gregoriiSchltr. & Rendle Herb Tubers [13]
Calotropis procera(Aiton) W.T.Aiton Shrub/tree Seeds [18]
Caralluma arachnoidea(P.R.O.Bally)
M.G.Gilbert
Herb General [164]
Carissa bispinosa(L.) Desf. ex Brenan Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Carissa spinarumL. Shrub/tree
Fruits, owers; roots
(vegetable)
[13,14,16,18,100,142,155,156,
163,165,167]
Carissa tetramera(Sacleux) Stapf Shrub Fruits, roots [100,155,158,161]
Ceropegia ballyanaBullock Herb General [164]
Ceropegia johnstonii(N.E.Br.) Bruyns Herb Tubers [18,156,162]
Ceropegia stenanthaK.Schum. Herb Tubers [13]
Ceropegia stenolobaHochst. ex Chiov. Herb Tubers [13]
Ceropegia woodiiSchltr. Herb Tubers [156,163]
Cynanchum hastifoliumK.Schum. Herb Fruits [13,163]
Cynanchum insipidum(E.Mey.) Liede &
Khanum
Herb
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[13,156,159,160,166]
Cynanchum viminale(L.) L. Herb
Raw stems edible;
roots (vegetable)
[156,163,167]
Desmidorchis retrospiciensEhrenb. Herb General [163,164]
Dictyophleba lucida(K.Schum.) Pierre Liana Fruits [142,155]
Plants2023,12, 1145 119 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Echidnopsis dammannianaE.Dammann &
Sprenger
Herb General [163]
Gomphocarpus fruticosus(L.) W.T.Aiton Subshrub/shrub General [163]
Hunteria zeylanica(Retz.) Gardner ex
Thwaites
Tree Leaves (vegetable) [158]
Landolphia buchananii(Hallier f.) Stapf Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155,167]
Landolphia kirkiiDyer ex Hook.f. Liana
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[142,155,158,167]
Leptadenia lanceolata(Poir.) Goyder Liana Leaves (vegetable) [18,162,166,167]
Marsdenia schimperiDecne. Liana General [162]
Mondia whitei(Hook.f.) Skeels Liana Roots [155,167]
Monolluma socotrana(Balf.f.) Meve & Liede Herb Stems [13,163]
Orbea dummeri(N.E.Br.) Bruyns Herb General [163]
Orbea tubiformis(E.A.Bruce & P.R.O.Bally)
Bruyns
Herb General [163]
Pergularia daemia(Forssk.) Chiov. Herb General [163]
Rauvola caffraSond. Tree Stems (ferment beer) [155]
Saba comorensis(Bojer ex A.DC.) Pichon Liana
Fruits; plant used to
make sour milk
[16,142,155,158,161,165,167]
Schlechterella africana(Schltr.) K.Schum. Herb Tubers [156]
Stathmostelma pedunculatum(Decne.)
K.Schum.
Herb Roots [156]
Stathmostelma propinquum(N.E.Br.) Schltr. Herb Tubers [167]
Strophanthus mirabilisGilg Shrub Roots [142,155]
Tabernaemontana elegansStapf Shrub/tree Fruits [155]
Vincetoxicum diplostigmaMeve & Liede Subshrub General [163]
Vincetoxicum fruticulosum(Decne.) Decne. Shrub/subshrub General [163]
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex mitis(L.) Radlk. Shrub/tree Roots (vegetable) [156]
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta(L.) Schott (exotic) Herb
Tubers; leaves
(vegetable)
[14,159,160]
Gonatopus boivinii(Decne.) Engl. Herb Famine food [161]
Stylochaeton borumenseN.E.Br. Herb General [163]
Arecaceae
Areca catechuL. (exotic) Tree Nuts [163]
Borassus aethiopumMart. Tree Fruit [134,142,167]
Cocos nuciferaL. (exotic) Tree Fruits [16,158]
Elaeis guineensisJacq. Tree Make wine [142]
Hyphaene compressaH.Wendl. Tree
Germinating seeds;
fruit juice drunk; wine
tapped stem
[18,161163,165,167]
Hyphaene coriaceaGaertn. (exotic) Shrub/tree Fruits [18,167]
Hyphaene petersianaKlotzsch ex Mart. Tree Fruit [157]
Phoenix reclinataJacq. Tree Fruit [142,167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 120 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Aristolochiaceae
Hydnora abyssinicaA.Br. Herb Tubers, fruits, buds [16,18,100,162,163,166,167]
Asparagaceae
Asparagus buchananiiBaker Shrub General [163]
Asparagus falcatusL. Shrub General [164]
Chlorophytum blepharophyllumSchweinf. ex
Baker
Herb Tubers [156]
Chlorophytum macrophyllum(A.Rich.) Asch. Herb Tubers [156]
Dracaena ellenbeckianaEngl. Shrub/tree General [163]
Drimia indica(Roxb.) Jessop Herb Tubers [156,157,163]
Ornithogalum gracillimumR.E.Fr. Herb Tubers [156]
Asphodelaceae
Aloe desertiA.Berger Shrub/subshrub Ferment beer [167]
Aloe kedongensisReynolds Shrub Ferment beer [167]
Aloe ngongensisChristian Shrub Ferment beer [167]
Aloe secundioraEngl. Herb
Ferment beer; nectar,
inorescence
[167]
Aloe turkanensisChristian Shrub
Roots used to avor
beer
[157,163]
Aloe vera(L.) Burm.f. (exotic) Herb Leaves [18]
Asteraceae
Aspilia kotschyi(Sch.Bip. ex Hochst.) Oliv. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Aspilia plurisetaSchweinf. ex Engl. Shrub General [164]
Bidens pilosaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [79,159161,163,167,169]
Cyanthillium cinereum(L.) H.Rob. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134,166,167]
Dicoma tomentosaCass. Herb General [163]
Emilia discifolia(Oliv.) C.Jeffrey Herb General [163]
Erigeron bonariensisL. (exotic) Herb General [163]
Ethulia conyzoidesL.f. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Galinsoga parvioraCav. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [167]
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum(Delile) Sch.Bip.Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [167]
Kleinia squarrosaCufod. Shrub General [164]
Lagascea mollisCav. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Launaea cornuta(Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern)
C.Jeffrey
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [14,158160,165167]
Solanecio angulatus(Vahl) C.Jeffrey Herb Fruits [158]
Sonchus oleraceusL. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134,167]
Sonchus schweinfurthiiOliv. & Hiern Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,169]
Vernonia popeanaC.Jeffrey Herb General [163]
Basellaceae
Basella albaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [12,16,159,160,166,167,169]
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana(Lam.) Benth. Tree Fruit (ferment beer)
[14,16,134,142,157,163,165,
167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 121 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Boraginaceae
Cordia africanaLam. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142]
Cordia crenataDelile Shrub/tree Fruits [142,157,163]
Cordia monoicaRoxb. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,163,164,167]
Cordia quercifoliaKlotzsch Shrub/tree Fruits [164]
Cordia sinensisLam. Shrub/tree
Fruits; fruits (make
beer)
[18,100,142,156,157,162
164,167]
Cordia somaliensisBaker Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Ehretia janjalleVerdc. Shrub Fruits [142]
Euploca ovalifolia(Forssk.) Diane & Hilger Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Heliotropium longiorum(A.DC.) Jaub. &
Spach
Subshrub General [163]
Heliotropium zeylanicum(Burm.f.) Lam. Subshrub General [163]
Trichodesma zeylanicum(Burm.f.) R.Br. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Brassicaceae
Brassica carinataA.Braun (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166]
Brassica juncea(L.) Czern. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Erucastrum arabicumFisch. & C.A.Mey. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,166,167]
Burseraceae
Boswellia neglectaS.Moore Shrub/tree
Gum/resin, fruits;
bark (tea)
[13,100,157,163,164,167]
Commiphora africana(A.Rich.) Engl. Shrub/tree
Shoots, bark, roots,
gum
[13,18,100,156,163,164,167]
Commiphora baluensisEngl. Tree Fruits, shoots [13]
Commiphora edulissubsp.boiviniana(Engl.)
J.B.Gillett
Shrub/tree Fruits, shoots [13,163,164]
Commiphora eminiisubsp.zimmermannii
(Engl.) J.B.Gillett
Tree Fruits edible [14]
Commiphora hildebrandtiiEngl. Shrub/tree
Roots chewed when
thirsty
[156]
Commiphora kataf(Forssk.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits, shoots [13]
Commiphora kua(R.Br. ex Royle) Vollesen Shrub/tree
Stems, roots (chewed
when thirsty)
[156,157,164]
Commiphora mollis(Oliv.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits, shoots, gum [13]
Commiphora myrrha(T.Nees) Engl. Shrub/tree General [163]
Commiphora rostrataEngl. Shrub/tree
Leaves, bark, seeds;
leaves (vegetables);
bark (tea)
[18,142,157,166]
Commiphora samharensisSchweinf. Shrub/tree General [163]
Commiphora sarandensissubsp.moyaleensis
J.B.Gillett
Shrub
Root swellings chewed
when thirsty
[142]
Commiphora schimperi(O.Berg) Engl. Shrub/tree
Shoots, roots, gum;
bark (tea)
[13,18,156,157,163,167]
Cactaceae
Opuntia cus-indica(L.) Mill. (exotic) Shrub/tree Fruits [165]
Opuntia humifusa(Raf.) Raf. (exotic) Subshrub Fruits [161]
Plants2023,12, 1145 122 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Campanulaceae
Cyphia glanduliferaHochst. ex A.Rich. Herb
Tubers; leaves
(vegetable)
[13,166,167]
Lobelia fervensThunb. Herb
Whole plant
(vegetable)
[134]
Canellaceae
Warburgia ugandensisSprague Tree Bark, fruits [18,142]
Cannabaceae
Celtis africanaBurm.f. Tree Fruits [13]
Trema orientale(L.) Blume Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Capparaceae
Boscia coriaceaGraells Shrub/tree
Fruits, cotyledons;
twigs (avor milk)
[18,100,142,157,162164,167]
Boscia integrifoliaJ.St.-Hil. Shrub/tree
Bark (tea; roots) eaten
like potatoes.
[100,157,163]
Boscia mazzocchii(Chiov.) Fici & Kers Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Cadaba farinosaForssk. Shrub/tree General [163,164]
Capparis erythrocarposIsert Shrub Fruits [16]
Capparis fascicularisDC. Shrub/tree General [163]
Capparis tomentosaLam. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,163]
Crateva adansoniiDC. Shrub/tree Seeds [142]
Elaeodendron schlechterianum(Loes.) Loes. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum(Loes.) Loes. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Gymnosporia heterophylla(Eckl. & Zeyh.)
Loes.
Shrub
Fruits; roots
(vegetable)
[100,142]
Gymnosporia mossambicensis(Klotzsch) Loes. Shrub Fruits [100]
Maerua angolensisDC. Shrub/tree General [164]
Maerua denhardtiorumGilg Fruits/nuts [13,142]
Maerua edulis(Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf Herb
Fruits; roots used in
soup/porridge; seeds,
roots (water
sweetener)
[13,16,18,100,142,162,164,165,
167]
Maerua kirkii(Oliv.) F.White Shrub/tree Nuts [13]
Maerua subcordata(Gilg) DeWolf Shrub
Roots (chewed to
quench thirst, boiled in
broth, food); fruits
[156,157,163]
Maerua triphyllaA.Rich. Shrub/tree
Roots (porridge); fruits[100]
Maytenus acuminata(L.f.) Loes. Shrub/tree Roots used in soup [142]
Maytenus undata(Thunb.) Blakelock Shrub/tree Bark (tonic) [142]
Mystroxylon aethiopicum(Thunb.) Loes. Tree Fruits [16,100,142]
Salacia stuhlmannianaLoes. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Thilachium africanumLour. Shrub/tree
Fruits, roots (porridge)[13,100,134,142,156,161]
Thilachium thomasiiGilg Shrub/tree
Fruits, roots (porridge)[100,167]
Caricaceae
Carica papayaL. (exotic) Tree Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Plants2023,12, 1145 123 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Caryophyllaceae
Pollichia campestrisAiton Subshrub Fruits [13]
Celastraceae
Catha edulis(Vahl) Endl. Shrub/tree
Leaves, shoots
(stimulants)
[142,167]
Gymnosporia senegalensis(Lam.) Loes. Shrub/tree
Fruits, leaves, roots
(vegetable)
[18,100,156]
Salacia elegansWelw. ex Oliv. Liana Seed/fruit [134,142]
Salacia erecta(G.Don) Walp. Liana Fruit [167]
Salacia madagascariensis(Lam.) DC. Liana Fruits [142,167]
Chrysobalanaceae
Hirtella zanzibaricaOliv. Tree Seed/fruit [134,142]
Parinari curatellifoliaPlanch. ex Benth. Tree Fruits [134,142,167]
Cleomaceae
Cleome allamaniiChiov. Herb General [163]
Cleome angustifoliaForssk. Herb General [163,164]
Cleome brachycarpaVahl ex DC. Herb General [164]
Cleome gynandraL. Herb Leaves (vegetable)
[12,16,18,159,160,163,166,167,
169]
Cleome hirta(Klotzsch) Oliv. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,166]
Cleome monophyllaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166]
Cleome strigosa(Bojer) Oliv. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Clusiaceae
Garcinia buchananiiBaker Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Garcinia livingstoneiT.Anderson Tree Seed/fruit [127,134,142,167]
Colchicaceae
Colchicum melanthioides(Willd.) J.C.Manning
& Vinn. (exotic)
Herb Corms [156]
Combretaceae
Combretum aculeatumVent. Shrub/tree Seeds, leaves, fruits [18,100,157,163,165]
Combretum constrictum(Benth.) M.A.Lawson Shrub General [164]
Combretum molleR.Br. ex G.Don Shrub/tree General [163]
Terminalia browniiFresen. Tree Fruits [142,163]
Terminalia catappaL. Tree Fruits [142]
Terminalia spinosaEngl. Tree Bark (tea) [157,163]
Commelinaceae
Commelina africanaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,166,167]
Commelina benghalensisL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,165167]
Commelina forskaoliiVahl Herb Leaves (vegetable) [163,166]
Commelina imberbisEhrenb. ex Hassk. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166]
Connaraceae
Rourea minor(Gaertn.) Alston Shrub/liana Seed aril [142]
Convolvulaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 124 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Ipomoea aquaticaForssk. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166,167]
Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Ipomoea biora(L.) Pers. Herb
Tubers; leaves
(vegetable)
[156,159,160,163]
Ipomoea donaldsoniiRendle Shrub General [164]
Ipomoea elythrocephalaHallier f. Herb Roots [13]
Ipomoea hildebrandtiiVatke Shrub/subshrub General [163]
Ipomoea kituiensisVatke Shrub General [164]
Ipomoea lapathifoliaHallier f. Herb Tubers [167]
Ipomoea longitubaHallier f. Shrub Tubers [13,156,167]
Ipomoea mombassanaVatke Herb Leaves (vegetable) [18,162,165167]
Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker Gawl. Herb General [164]
Ipomoea oenotherae(Vatke) Hallier f. Herb Tubers [13,16,156,167]
Ipomoea pes-caprae(L.) R.Br. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Ipomoea spathulataHallier f. Shrub Roots used in soup [142,163,164]
Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb. Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Seddera latifoliaHochst. & Steud. Subshrub General [163]
Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe lanceolata(Forssk.) Pers. Herb General [164]
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Herb Fruit, leaves, seeds [158,162,167]
Coccinia adoensis(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Cogn. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,114,169]
Coccinia grandioraCogn. Herb Roots [13]
Coccinia grandis(L.) Voigt Herb
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[18,157,159,160,162,163,166,
167]
Coccinia trilobata(Cogn.) C.Jeffrey Herb
Fruits edible, leafy
vegetable
[114,167]
Cucumis aculeatusCogn. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [114,163]
Cucumis dipsaceusEhrenb. ex Spach Herb Leaves (vegetable) [18,114,157,162164,166,167]
Cucumis engleri(Gilg) Ghebret. & Thulin Herb General [163]
Cucumis cifoliusA.Rich. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166]
Cucumis meloL. (exotic) Herb Fruits (vegetable) [16,134]
Cucumis prophetarumL. Herb Fruits [114]
Cucumis pustulatusNaudin ex Hook.f. Herb General [162164]
Cucurbita maximaDuchesne (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Diplocyclos palmatus(L.) C.Jeffrey Herb Leaves (vegetable) [114]
Kedrostis foetidissima(Jacq.) Cogn. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [114,163]
Kedrostis gijef(Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.) C.Jeffrey Liana Leaves (vegetable) [114,162,166]
Kedrostis pseudogijef(Gilg) C.Jeffrey Liana
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[166,167]
Lagenaria siceraria(Molina) Standl. Herb
Fruits, seeds; leaves
(vegetable)
[134,166,167]
Lagenaria sphaerica(Sond.) Naudin Herb Leaves (vegetable) [114]
Momordica calanthaGilg Herb Fruits [114]
Plants2023,12, 1145 125 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Momordica charantiaL. Herb
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[134]
Momordica foetidaSchumach. Herb Fruits [114]
Momordica friesiorum(Harms) C.Jeffrey Herb General [163]
Momordica rostrataZimm. Herb
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable, tea)
[114,163,167]
Momordica spinosa(Gilg) Chiov. Shrub Fruits [142]
Momordica trifoliolataHook.f. Herb Fruits [157,163]
Peponium vogelii(Hook.f.) Engl. Herb Fruits [13,114]
Zehneria anomalaC.Jeffrey Herb Fruits [13]
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alatussubsp.albus(Nees) Lye Herb Bulbs [13]
Cyperus amauropusSteud. Herb General [163]
Cyperus blysmoidesHochst. ex C.B.Clarke Herb Roots/bulbs [156,165,167]
Cyperus comosipesMattf. & Kük. (exotic) Herb Roots [13]
Cyperus rotundusL. Herb General [163]
Cyperus rubicundusVahl Herb General [163]
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum zenkeriEngl. Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Didiereaceae
Calyptrotheca somalensisGilg Shrub
Root juice (quench
thirst)
[142]
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera litoralisGilg Shrub/liana Fruits [158]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbiferaL. (exotic) Herb Roots/tubers [167]
Dioscorea cayenensissubsp.rotundata(Poir.)
J.Mi±ge (exotic)
Herb Roots/tubers [14]
Dioscorea dumetorum(Kunth) Pax Herb
Tubers; leaves
(vegetable)
[127,134,158,167]
Dioscorea minutioraEngl. (exotic) Herb Tubers [167]
Dioscorea schimperianaHochst. ex Kunth Herb Bulbs [156]
Ebenaceae
Diospyros busseiGürke Tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros consolataeChiov. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Diospyros mespiliformisHochst. ex A.DC. Tree Fruits/seeds [165,167]
Diospyros natalensis(Harv.) Brenan Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros squarrosaKlotzsch Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros wajirensisF.White Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Euclea divinorumHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [100,167]
Euclea racemosaL. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha indicaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [157]
Acalypha volkensiiPax Shrub/subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,169]
Plants2023,12, 1145 126 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Croton dichogamusPax Shrub/tree Roots used in soup [142,156]
Croton pseudopulchellusPax Shrub/tree
Stem smoke (avor
milk)
[127]
Erythrococca bongensisPax Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,169]
Erythrococca scheriPax Shrub/tree General [163]
Erythrococca kirkii(Müll.Arg.) Prain Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [142]
Euphorbia busseiPax Tree Roasted roots [100]
Euphorbia candelabrumWelw. Tree Roasted roots [100]
Euphorbia scheferiPax Shrub/tree Meat tenderizer [142]
Givotia gosaiRadcl.-Sm. Tree Fruits [142]
Manihot esculentaCrantz (exotic) Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Suregada zanzibariensisBaill. Shrub Fruits [158]
Tragia impeditaPrain Shrub Fruits [165]
Fabaceae
Albizia adianthifolia(Schumach.) W.Wight Tree Leaves (vegetable) [158]
Albizia amara(Roxb.) Boivin Tree
Gum; stems used in
soup
[163,167]
Albizia anthelmintica(A.Rich.) Brongn. Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [158]
Astragalus atropilosulus(Hochst.) Bunge Subshrub Roots chewed [156]
Cajanus cajan(L.) Huth Shrub Seeds, fruits, leaves [16,158,167]
Clitoria ternateaL. Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [165]
Craibia browniiDunn Tree Seeds [142]
Craibia laurentii(De Wild.) De Wild. Shrub/tree Bean [13]
Crotalaria brevidensBenth. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,160,166,167,169]
Crotalaria lanceolataE.Mey. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159]
Crotalaria ochroleucaG.Don Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [159,160,166,167]
Crotalaria polyspermaKotschy Herb General [163]
Crotalaria pycnostachyaBenth. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159]
Delonix elata(L.) Gamble Shrub/tree General [163,164]
Dialium holtziiHarms Tree Fruits [167]
Dialium orientaleBaker f. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,158,167]
Entada leptostachyaHarms Liana Stem water drunk [100]
Eriosema shirenseBaker f. Herb Tubers [167]
Erythrina abyssinicaLam. Tree Roots (tea) [142]
Faidherbia albida(Delile) A.Chev. Shrub/tree General [163]
Indigofera lupatanaBaker f. Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [165]
Indigofera schimperiJaub. & Spach Shrub Tubers [18]
Indigofera spinosaForssk. Shrub/subshrub General [164]
Lablab purpureus(L.) Sweet Herb
Leaves (vegetable);
beans
[13,166,167]
Macrotyloma maranguense(Taub.) Verdc. Herb Roots [156]
Mucuna gigantea(Willd.) DC. Shrub Bean [13,142]
Ormocarpum kirkiiS.Moore Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [158,164]
Plants2023,12, 1145 127 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Ormocarpum trachycarpum(Taub.) Harms Shrub/tree General [164]
Parkia licoideaWelw. ex Oliv. Tree Fruit [142]
Phaseolus vulgarisL. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Philenoptera eriocalyx(Harms) Schrire Shrub/tree [163]
Piliostigma thonningii(Schumach.)
Milne-Redh.
Shrub/tree General [134,165,167]
Prosopis juliora(Sw.) DC. (exotic) Shrub/tree General [162]
Senegalia mellifera(Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger Shrub/tree Gum [142,157,162,163]
Senegalia polyacantha(Willd.) Seigler &
Ebinger
Tree Gum [142]
Senegalia senegal(L.) Britton Shrub/tree Gum, fruits [13,18,142,157,162165,167]
Senna bicapsularis(L.) Roxb. (exotic) Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Senna didymobotrya(Fresen.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [165]
Senna italicaMill. Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Senna obtusifolia(L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Senna occidentalis(L.) Link (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,158160,163,169]
Senna singueana(Delile) Lock Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Tamarindus indicaL. Tree
Fruit, leaves, seeds;
fruit (food spice,
vinegar substitute)
[14,16,18,134,142,158,161
163,165167]
Tephrosia nubica(Boiss.) Baker Subshrub General [163]
Tephrosia pumila(Lam.) Pers. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Tephrosia villosasubsp.ehrenbergiana
(Schweinf.) Brummitt
Herb General [163]
Tylosema fassoglense(Kotschy ex Schweinf.)
Torre & Hillc.
Herb Fruit/seeds [167]
Vachellia bussei(Harms ex Y.Sjöstedt) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Tree Bark (tea) [100]
Vachellia drepanolobium(Harms ex Y.Sjöstedt)
P.J.H.Hurter
Shrub/tree
Galls, fruits, inner bark[13,142,167]
Vachellia elatior(Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr. Tree Bark (tea) [18,157,163]
Vachellia etbaica(Schweinf.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Shrub/tree Gum [157,163]
Vachellia gerrardii(Benth.) P.J.H.Hurter Shrub/tree Bark used in soup [142]
Vachellia hockii(De Wild.) Seigler & Ebinger Shrub/tree Bark [142,167]
Vachellia horrida(L.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Shrub/tree Galls [13]
Vachellia kirkii(Oliv.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Shrub/tree Bark (tea) [142]
Vachellia nilotica(L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Shrub/tree
Pods; pod, bark (used
in tea)
[100,163,167]
Vachellia oerfota(Forssk.) Kyal. & Boatwr. General [162]
Vachellia paolii(Chiov.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Shrub Gum [142]
Vachellia reciens(Wawra & Peyr.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Shrub/tree Bark/gum [13,18,142,162,164]
Vachellia seyal(Delile) P.J.H.Hurter Shrub/tree Gum; bark (tea) [142,162,163,167]
Vachellia sieberiana(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Tree Gum [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 128 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Vachellia tortilis(Forssk.) Galasso & Ban Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds, gum [13,18,142,157,162164,167]
Vachellia xanthophloea(Benth.) Ban &
Galasso
Tree Gum [142]
Vatovaea pseudolablab(Harms) J.B.Gillett Herb
Fruits, owers leaves
(vegetables); tubers
[13,18,142,156,157,162,163,
166,167]
Vigna friesiorumHarms Herb Tubers [167]
Vigna frutescensA.Rich. Herb Roots [13,156]
Vigna luteola(Jacq.) Benth. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Vigna membranaceaA.Rich. Herb
Leaves (vegetable);
roots
[13,156,163,165167]
Vigna radiata(L.) R.Wilczek Herb General [163]
Vigna schimperiBaker Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159]
Vigna subterranea(L.) Verdc. Herb Seeds edible [167]
Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp. Herb
Leaves (vegetable);
seeds
[16,158160,163,166,167,169]
Vigna vexillata(L.) A.Rich. Herb
Tubers chewed when
thirsty
[156]
Wajira grahamiana(Wight & Arn.) Thulin &
Lavin
Herb Roots [156]
Wajira praecox(Verdc.) Thulin & Lavin Herb Roots [13]
Geraniaceae
Pelargonium quinquelobatumHochst. ex
A.Rich.
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [13]
Hydrocharitaceae
Ottelia ulvifolia(Planch.) Walp. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,169]
Hypericaceae
Harungana madagascariensisLam. ex Poir. Shrub/tree Fruits [14,134]
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis angustifoliaLam. Herb Corms [156]
Hypoxis urceolataNel Herb Corms [156]
Icacinaceae
Pyrenacantha kaurabassanaBaill. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [165]
Kirkiaceae
Kirkia tenuifoliaEngl. Shrub/tree
Bark chewed when
thirsty
[142]
Lamiaceae
Hoslundia oppositaVahl Shrub Fruits, leaves (tea) [13,16,100,142,161,163,167]
Leucas glabrata(Vahl) Sm. Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [158,163,164]
Leucas jamesiiBaker shrub General [164]
Leucas urticifolia(Vahl) Sm. Herb General [163]
Mesosphaerum pectinatum(L.) Kuntze Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Ocimum americanumL. Herb/ subshrub Seeds/leaves [134]
Ocimum basilicumL. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (avor tea) [167]
Ocimum gratissimumL. Subshrub Leaves (avor tea) [167]
Ocimum kilimandscharicumGürke Shrub Leaves (avor tea) [142,167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 129 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Premna chrysoclada(Bojer) Gürke Shrub/tree Fruits [134,142]
Premna oligotrichaBaker Shrub Fruits [13]
Premna resinosa(Hochst.) Schauer Shrub Fruits/seeds [13,134,142,163]
Vitex donianaSweet Tree Fruits [142,163,167]
Vitex ferrugineaSchumach. & Thonn. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Vitex scheriGürke Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Vitex mombassaeVatke Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds [134,142,161,167]
Vitex payos(Lour.) Merr. Shrub/tree Fruits [14,142,161,165,167]
Vitex strickeriVatke & Hildebrandt Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Limeaceae
Limeum viscosumvar.kenyenseFriedrich Herb General [163]
Loganiaceae
Strychnos bredemeyeri(Schult.) Sprague &
Sandwith
Liana Tubers [167]
Strychnos decussata(Pappe) Gilg Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Strychnos henningsiiGilg Shrub/tree Fruits (ferment beer) [167]
Strychnos innocuaDelile Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Strychnos madagascariensisPoir. Tree Fruits [142,158,165,167]
Strychnos spinosaLam. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Loranthaceae
Oncocalyx scheri(Engl.) M.G.Gilbert Shrub General [163]
Oncocalyx ugogensis(Engl.) Wiens & Polhill Shrub General [163]
Lythraceae
Sonneratia albaSm. Tree Fruits [142]
Lawsonia inermisL. Shrub/tree General [163]
Malpighiaceae
Acridocarpus zanzibaricusA.Juss. Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [158]
Malvaceae
Abutilon fruticosumGuill. & Perr. Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Abutilon hirtum(Lam.) Sweet Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Abutilon mauritianum(Jacq.) Medik. Shrub General [163]
Adansonia digitataL. Tree
Seeds; leaves, shoots,
root tips, germinating
seeds (vegetables);
seed pulp (curdle milk,
avor food)
[14,100,134,142,156,161,165
167]
Corchorus olitoriusL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,18,158161,166,167]
Corchorus tridensL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [158,166]
Corchorus trilocularisL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,162,166,167,169]
Grewia arborea(Forssk.) Lam. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Grewia capitellataBojer Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Grewia forbesiiHarv. ex Mast. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Grewia kakothamnosK.Schum. Shrub Fruits [13]
Grewia lilacinaK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142,164]
Plants2023,12, 1145 130 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Grewia mollisJuss. Shrub/tree Fruits [18,142,162]
Grewia nematopusK.Schum. Shrub Fruits [100]
Grewia penicillataChiov. Shrub Fruits [142]
Grewia plagiophyllaK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,161]
Grewia similisK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,16,100,142,165]
Grewia tembensisFresen. Shrub Fruits [13,142,163,167]
Grewia tenax(Forssk.) Fiori Shrub/tree Fruits [13,18,142,157,162164,167]
Grewia tephrodermisK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,100,142,157,163165,167]
Grewia trichocarpaHochst. ex A.Rich. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,16,163]
Grewia truncataMast. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Grewia villosaWilld. Shrub Fruits
[13,14,18,100,134,157,162,163,
165,167]
Hibiscus calyphyllusCav. Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [159]
Hibiscus greenwayiBaker f. Shrub/tree Stems [13]
Hibiscus micranthusL.f. Shrub General [163]
Hibiscus palmatusForssk. Herb General [163]
Hibiscus vitifoliusL. Herb/shrub General [163]
Melhania ovata(Cav.) Spreng. Herb/ subshrub General [163]
Sida acutaBurm.f. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160]
Sida rhombifoliaL. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Sterculia africana(Lour.) Fiori Tree Fruits [18,100,162,164,165]
Sterculia rhynchocarpaK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [157,163]
Sterculia stenocarpaH.J.P.Winkl. Tree Fruits, leaves [13,14,142,163]
Thespesia danisOliv. Shrub/tree Fruits [134,158,161]
Thespesia garckeanaF.Hoffm. Shrub/tree Fruits [14,142,165,167]
Triumfetta annuaL. Herb/ subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [134]
Meliaceae
Trichilia emeticaVahl Tree Fruits [157,163]
Menispermaceae
Chasmanthera dependensHochst. Liana Roots, stems [13,142,156,163]
Cissampelos mucronataA.Rich. Liana General [163]
Cocculus hirsutus(L.) W.Theob. Liana General [162]
Hyalosepalum caffrum(Miers) Troupin Liana Stems [13]
Moraceae
Dorstenia hildebrandtiivar.schlechteri(Engl.)
Hijman
Herb Tubers [13]
Ficus amadiensisDe Wild. Tree Fruits [142]
Ficus capreifoliaDelile Tree Fruits [142]
Ficus glumosaDelile Tree Fruits [13,142]
Ficus ingens(Miq.) Miq. Tree Fruits [100]
Ficus luteaVahl Tree General [163]
Ficus natalensisHochst. Tree Fruits [13,167]
Ficus populifoliaVahl Tree Fruits [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 131 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Ficus salicifoliaVahl Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Ficus surForssk. Tree Fruits [13,16,100,142,163,165,167]
Ficus sycomorusL. Tree Fruits
[13,14,18,100,142,157,162,164,
166,167]
Ficus thonningiiBlume Tree Fruits [14,100,142,163,166]
Ficus vallis-choudaeDelile Tree Fruits [167]
Ficus vastaForssk. Tree Fruits [142]
Moringaceae
Moringa oleiferaLam. Tree
Root powder (avor);
seeds, leaves
(vegetable)
[134,142,158,166,167]
Moringa stenopetala(Baker f.) Cufod. Tree
Leaf/seeds (vegetable);
seeds (purify water)
[167]
Myrtaceae
Psidium guajavaL. (exotic) Tree Fruits [18]
Syzygium cordatumHochst. ex Krauss Shrub/tree Leaves (tea); fruits [14,142,167]
Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels Tree Fruits [16]
Syzygium guineense(Willd.) DC. Tree Fruits [14,167]
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusaL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea lotusL. Herb Tubers [156,157,163]
Nymphaea nouchalivar.caerulea(Savigny)
Verdc.
Herb
Roots, fruits, seeds,
owers
[134,156,167]
Ochnaceae
Ochna atropurpureaDC. Shrub/tree Seeds/fruit [134,161]
Ochna inermis(Forssk.) Schweinf. Shrub/tree General [163]
Olacaceae
Strombosia scheferiEngl. Tree Seeds [142]
Ximenia americanaL. Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds
[13,14,16,18,100,134,161
163,165,167]
Ximenia caffraSond. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,14,142,163]
Oleaceae
Jasminum abyssinicumHochst. ex DC. Liana Roots used in soup [156]
Olea capensissubsp.macrocarpa(C.H.Wright)
I.Verd.
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Olea europaeaL. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Olea welwitschii(Knobl.) Gilg & G.Schellenb. Tree Fruits [142]
Onagraceae
Ludwigia adscendens(L.) H.Hara Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,169]
Opiliaceae
Opilia amentaceaRoxb. Liana Fruits [100,142]
Opilia campestrisEngl. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142]
Pentarhopalopilia umbellulata(Baill.) Hiepko Shrub Fruits [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 132 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Orobanchaceae
Ghikaea speciosa(Rendle) Diels Herb General [163]
Pseudosopubia hildebrandtii(Vatke) Engl. Herb General [163]
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis latifoliaKunth Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Pandanaceae
Pandanus rabaiensisRendle. Tree Fruits [142]
Passioraceae
Adenia ellenbeckiiHarms Herb General [163]
Adenia venenataForssk. Shrub Fruits [142]
Adenia volkensiiHarms Herb/shrub Fruit, seeds, leaves [18,157,162,163]
Basananthe hanningtoniana(Mast.) J.J.de
Wilde
Herb General [163]
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum angustifolium(Oliv.) Engl. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,160,166,169]
Sesamum calycinumWelw. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,167]
Sesamum indicumL. Herb
Seeds; leaves
(vegetable)
[158160,167]
Peraceae
Clutia abyssinicaJaub. & Spach Shrub/tree Roots used in soup [156]
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma venosumE.Mey. ex Tul. Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds [134,142,167]
Bridelia catharticaBertol. Shrub/tree
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[142,158,161]
Bridelia micrantha(Hochst.) Baill. Tree Fruits [16,100]
Bridelia scleroneuraMüll.Arg. Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Bridelia taitensisVatke & Pax Shrub/tree Fruits [14,100,142,165,167]
Flueggea virosa(Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Shrub/tree Fruits
[13,16,134,142,157,163,165,
167]
Piperaceae
Piper capenseL.f. Shrub/tree Roots (vegetable) [156]
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum viridiorumSims Tree Fruits [142]
Poaceae
Cenchrus americanus(L.) Morrone (exotic) Herb Seeds [18,167]
Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf (exotic) Herb Leaves [16]
Cymbopogon giganteusChiov. Herb General [163]
Dactyloctenium aegyptium(L.) Willd. Herb Grain [163,167]
Dactyloctenium geminatumHack. Herb Rhizomes [40,156]
Dactyloctenium giganteumB.S.Fisher &
Schweick.
Herb Grain [167]
Echinochloa haploclada(Stapf) Stapf Herb General [163]
Eleusine coracana(L.) Gaertn. (exotic) Herb Grain [163,167]
Eragrostis cilianensis(All.) Vignolo ex Janch. Herb General [163]
Plants2023,12, 1145 133 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Eragrostis tef(Zuccagni) Trotter Herb Grain [167]
Hyparrhenia cymbaria(L.) Stapf Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench (exotic) Herb Tubers, grains [18,163,167]
Sporobolus macranthelusChiov. Herb General [163]
Urochloa deexa(Schumach.) H.Scholz Herb General [163]
Polygalaceae
Carpolobia goetzeiGürke Shrub/tree Seed/fruit [134,142]
Polygonaceae
Oxygonum salicifoliumDammer Herb Leaves (vegetable) [166,167]
Oxygonum sinuatum(Hochst. & Steud. ex
Meisn.) Dammer
Herb Leaves (vegetable)
[13,16,159,160,163,165
167,169]
Persicaria senegalensis(Meisn.) Soj¡k Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Rumex abyssinicusJacq. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [167]
Rumex nepalensisSpreng. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [12,166]
Rumex usambarensis(Engl.) Dammer Shrub/subshrub
Leaves (vegetable);
stems, leaves (chewed)
[12,142,166,167]
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleraceaL. Herb
Vegetable, salad; grain
(our)
[162,166,167]
Portulaca quadridaL. Herb
Vegetable, salad; grain
(our)
[16,159,160,163,166,167,169]
Primulaceae
Maesa lanceolataForssk. Tree Fruit [142]
Myrsine africanaL. Shrub/tree Bark, seeds [18]
Putranjivaceae
Drypetes gerrardiiHutch. Tree Fruits [13]
Rhamnaceae
Phyllogeiton discolor(Klotzsch) Herzog Shrub/tree Fruits, gum
[13,14,18,100,142,157,162,163,
165,167]
Rhamnus prinoidesL'H²r. Shrub/tree Roots boiled in soup [156]
Scutia myrtina(Burm.f.) Kurz Shrub/tree
Fruits; roots boiled in
soup
[16,142,167]
Ziziphus abyssinicaHochst. ex A.Rich. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,167].
Ziziphus jujubaMill. Shrub/tree Fruits [18]
Ziziphus mauritianaLam. Tree Fruits/seeds [134,142,157,158,162,163,167]
Ziziphus mucronataWilld. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,14,100,142,163165,167]
Ziziphus pubescensOliv. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161]
Rosaceae
Rubus apetalusPoir. Shrub Fruits [142,167]
Rubus niveusThunb. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubus pinnatusWilld. Liana Fruits [14,142,167]
Rubus rigidusSm. Shrub Fruits [13]
Rubus scheferiEngl. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubus steudneriSchweinf. Shrub/liana Fruits [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 134 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Rubus volkensiiEngl. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubiaceae
Afrocanthium keniense(Bullock) Lantz Tree Fruits [142]
Afrocanthium kiliense(Bridson) Lantz Tree Fruits [142]
Afrocanthium lactescens(Hiern) Lantz Tree Fruits [142,163,167]
Afrocanthium pseudoverticillatum(S.Moore)
Lantz
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Bullockia dyscritos(Bullock) Razam., Lantz &
B.Bremer
Tree Fruits [142]
Bullockia fadenii(Bridson) Razam., Lantz &
B.Bremer
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Bullockia mombazensis(Baill.) Razam., Lantz
& B.Bremer
Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Bullockia pseudosetiora(Bridson) Razam.,
Lantz & B.Bremer
Shrub Fruits [18,142]
Bullockia setiora(Hiern) Razam., Lantz &
B.Bremer
Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142,163]
Canthium glaucumHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Canthium oligocarpumHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Coffea arabicaL. Shrub/tree Seeds (coffee) [14,167]
Conostomium quadrangulare(Rendle) Cufod. Herb Nectar [157,163]
Coptosperma graveolens(S.Moore) Degreef Shrub/tree Fruits [134]
Coptosperma littorale(Hiern) Degreef Shrub/tree Seed/fruit [134]
Cremaspora triora(Thonn.) K.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Eumachia parviora(R.D.Good) Razam. &
C.M.Taylor (exotic)
Shrub Fruits [142]
Gardenia ternifoliaSchumach. & Thonn. Shrub/tree General [163]
Heinsia crinita(Wennberg) G.Taylor Shrub/tree Fruits [142,158,161]
Keetia gueinzii(Sond.) Bridson Shrub/tree Fruits [16,142]
Keetia zanzibarica(Klotzsch) Bridson Shrub Fruits [142]
Lamprothamnus zanguebaricusHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161]
Meyna tetraphylla(Schweinf. ex Hiern)
Robyns
Shrub/tree Fruits [14,100,162,163,165,167]
Mussaenda arcuataPoir. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pavetta crassipesK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pavetta gardeniifoliaHochst. ex A.Rich. Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
Pentanisia schweinfurthiiHiern Herb General [163]
Polysphaeria multioraHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Polysphaeria parvifoliaHiern Shrub/tree Fruits [161]
Pyrostria bibracteata(Baker) Cavaco Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pyrostria phyllanthoidea(Baill.) Bridson Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Rothmannia scheri(K.Schum.) Bullock ex
Oberm.
Tree Fruits [142]
Rytigynia uhligii(K.Schum. & K.Krause)
Verdc.
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 135 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Tennantia sennii(Chiov.) Verdc. & Bridson Shrub Fruits [100,142,165]
Uncaria africanaG.Don Liana Fruits [13]
Vangueria apiculataK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Vangueria infaustaBurch. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161,167]
Vangueria loranthifoliaK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
Vangueria madagascariensisJ.F.Gmel. Shrub/tree Fruits
[13,14,100,142,158,163,165,
167]
Vangueria schumanniana(Robyns) Lantz Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Vangueria volkensiiK.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Rutaceae
Harrisonia abyssinicaOliv. Shrub/tree Fruits, roots [100,142,163]
Vepris glomerata(F.Hoffm.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Vepris nobilis(Delile) Mziray Tree Fruits [142]
Vepris uguenensisEngl. Shrub General [163]
Zanthoxylum asiaticum(L.) Appelhans,
Groppo & J.Wen
Shrub/tree Fruits (food avor) [134]
Zanthoxylum chalybeumEngl. Shrub/tree
Fruits; leaves, bark,
seeds (avor tea, soup)
[18,100,134,161,163,167]
Zanthoxylum holtzianum(Engl.)
P.G.Waterman
Shrub/tree Fruits [158]
Zanthoxylum usambarense(Engl.) Kokwaro Tree
Leaves/bark (avor
tea/soup)
[167]
Salicaceae
Dovyalis abyssinica(A.Rich.) Warb. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,16,142,167]
Dovyalis macrocalyx(Oliv.) Warb. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Flacourtia indica(Burm.f.) Merr. Shrub/tree Seed/fruits [18,134,142,161,163,167]
Oncoba spinosaForssk. Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Scolopia zeyheri(Nees) Szyszyl. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Salvadoraceae
Dobera glabra(Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir. Shrub/tree Fruits [18,100,142,157,162,163,167]
Dobera loranthifolia(Warb.) Harms Tree Fruits [142]
Salvadora persicaL. Shrub/tree Fruits/roots [13,18,142,157,162164,167]
Santalaceae
Osyris lanceolataHochst. & Steud. Shrub Fruits [142]
Sapindaceae
Allophylus africanusvar.griseotomentosus
(Gilg) Verdc.
Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
Allophylus ferrugineusTaub. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Allophylus rubifolius(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Engl.
Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Chytranthus obliquinervisRadlk. ex Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,158]
Deinbollia borbonicaScheff. Shrub/tree Fruits [134,142,161]
Deinbollia kilimandscharicaTaub. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,165]
Haplocoelum foliolosum(Hiern) Bullock Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142]
Plants2023,12, 1145 136 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Haplocoelum inoploeumRadlk. Shrub/tree
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[142,158]
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifoliusBaker Tree Fruits [100,161]
Lepisanthes senegalensis(Poir.) Leenh. Tree Fruits [16]
Pappea capensisEckl. & Zeyh. Tree
Fruits/seeds; bark
(tea)
[16,100,142,163,167]
Sapotaceae
Aningeria adol-friederici(Engl.) Robyns &
Gilbert
Tree Seed oil [142]
Englerophytum natalense(Sond.) T.D.Penn. Tree Fruits [142]
Englerophytum oblanceolatum(S.Moore)
T.D.Penn.
Tree Fruit [142]
Gambeya albida(G.Don) Aubr²v. & Pellegr. Tree Fruit [142]
Inhambanella henriquesii(Engl. & Warb.)
Dubard
Tree Fruits [142]
Malacantha alnifolia(Baker) Pierre Tree Fruits [142]
Manilkara butugiChiov. Tree Fruits [142]
Manilkara discolor(Sond.) J.H.Hemsl. Tree Fruits [13,142]
Manilkara mochisia(Baker) Dubard Tree Fruits [100,142,158,161,163,167]
Manilkara sansibarensis(Engl.) Dubard Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Manilkara sulcata(Engl.) Dubard Tree Fruits [100,142,161,167]
Mimusops bagshaweiS.Moore Tree Fruits [142]
Mimusops kummelBruce ex A.DC. Tree Fruits [16,142,163,167]
Mimusops obtusifoliaLam. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,161,167]
Mimusops somalensisChiov. Tree Fruits [161,167]
Sideroxylon inermeL. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Synsepalum brevipes(Baker) T.D.Penn. Tree Fruits [142,167]
Synsepalum cerasiferum(Welw.) T.D.Penn. Tree Fruits [142]
Synsepalum msolo(Engl.) T.D.Penn. Tree Fruits [142,167]
Solanaceae
Capsicum frutescensL. (exotic) Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Lycium shawiiRoem. & Schult. Shrub/tree General [162,163]
Nicandra physalodes(L.) Gaertn. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [161]
Physalis angulataL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [169]
Physalis lagascaeRoem. & Schult. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159]
Physalis peruvianaL. Herb Fruits [16]
Solanum aculeastrumDunal Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Solanum nigrumL Herb Leaves (vegetable)
[12,13,16,157
161,163,166,169]
Solanum coagulansForssk. Subshrub Seeds (coagulate milk) [157,163,164]
Solanum incanumL. Shrub/subshrub General [164]
Solanum lycopersicumL. (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [160]
Solanum villosumMill. Herb/shrub Leaves (vegetable) [162]
Talinaceae
Plants2023,12, 1145 137 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Talinum caffrum(Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [161]
Talinum portulacifolium(Forssk.) Asch. ex
Schweinf.
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [13,16,134,159161,164,169]
Urticaceae
Forsskaolea viridisEhrenb. ex Webb Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [157]
Laportea alatipesHook.f. Herb Leaves [14]
Myrianthus holstiiEngl. Tree Fruits [14,142,167]
Pilea johnstoniiOliv. Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [12]
Urtica massaicaMildbr. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [12,166,167]
Verbenaceae
Lantana camaraL. (exotic) Shrub Fruits [16,161,165,167]
Lantana trifoliaL. Shrub
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[16,142,165,167]
Lantana ukambensis(Vatke) Verdc. Shrub Fruits [142,163,167]
Lantana viburnoides(Forssk.) Vahl Subshrub/shrub Fruits [167]
Lippia carviodoraMeikle Shrub Leaves (tea) [142,164,167]
Lippia javanica(Burm.f.) Spreng. Shrub
Fruits edible; leaves
used in tea
[167]
Lippia kituiensisVatke Shrub
Fruits edible; leaves
used in tea
[14,142,167]
Vitaceae
Cayratia ibuensis(Hook.f.) Suess. Herb Roots [156]
Cissus aphyllanthaGilg Shrub Fruits [142]
Cissus quadrangularisL. Liana General [164]
Cissus rotundifoliaVahl Shrub
Fruits; roots used in
soup
[16,142,156,162,163]
Cyphostemma adenocaule(Steud. ex A.Rich.)
Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Herb
Fruits; leaves
(vegetable)
[158,163,165]
Cyphostemma bambuseti(Gilg & M.Brandt)
Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Herb General [163]
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum(Fresen.) Desc. ex
Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [157,159,160,163,169]
Cyphostemma serpens(Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Desc.
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [13,16,169]
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum angustifolium(Sonn.) K.Schum. Herb Seed/fruits [134]
Aframomum mala(K.Schum.) K.Schum. Herb Fruits [16]
Zingiber ofcinaleRoscoe (exotic) Herb Root [16]
Zygophyllaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca(L.) Delile Tree
Fruit, seed oil, gum;
leaf/shoots (vegetable)
[14,16,18,100,142,162,163,165
167]
Balanites glabraMildbr. & Schltr. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,164]
Balanites pedicellarisMildbr. & Schltr. Tree Fruits, cotyledons [18,100,142,162164,167]
Balanites rotundifolia(Tiegh.) Blatt. Shrub/tree
Fruits, cotyledons;
fruit (avor milk)
[13,18,142,157,162,163,167]
Plants2023,12, 1145 138 of 143
Family/Species Habit Part Eaten References
Tribulus cistoidesL. Herb Leaves [18,162]
Tribulus terrestrisL. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
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